USGBC LEED-Green-Associate LEED Green Associate GAFRE Exam (LEED GA) Exam Practice Test

The "Built Project" falls under LEED for Neighborhood Development (LEED ND), which focuses on sustainable community development and infrastructure​​.

Utilizing recycled materials achieves the green building objective of minimizing the need for landfills. Recycled materials are materials that have been recovered or diverted from the waste stream and processed into new products or materials. Utilizing recycled materials can reducethe amount of waste that is sent to landfills or incinerators, which can have negative impacts on the environment, such as occupying valuable land, contaminating soil and water, and emitting harmful gases. Utilizing recycled materials can also save natural resources, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, create jobs, and lower disposal costs12. References: LEED v4 Green Associate Candidate Handbook1, EPA’s Recycling Basics2

According to the LEED Study Guide:

“LEED for Operations and Maintenance (LEED O+M) applies to existing buildings that are fully operational and occupied.”

This system evaluates how a building performs after it is constructed and in use, making it the correct fit for a built project.

Retrocommissioning is a process applied to existing buildings to ensure that they continue to perform optimally for the current use. This process involves checking systems to see if they function as intended, making necessary repairs or improvements, and ensuring that building staff are trained in the operation and maintenance of systems. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

Per the LEED v4 BD+C Reference Guide, the baseline for energy performance evaluation is based on:

"ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2010" for most projects under EA Prerequisite: Minimum Energy Performance and EA Credit: Optimize Energy Performance.

This standard sets the minimum energy efficiency requirements for buildings (excluding low-rise residential) and is the benchmark against which a project's proposed design is compared when using the energy simulation modeling method (whole building energy simulation).

ASHRAE 90.1-2010 defines criteria for HVAC systems, building envelope, service water heating, power, lighting, and other systems affecting energy use.

LEED requires performance above this baseline to earn points.

The other options are not appropriate baselines:

A. SMACNA: Refers to HVAC ductwork and air quality guidelines, not energy baseline standards.

B. ENERGY STAR®: Is a benchmarking tool, not a baseline standard used in energy modeling.

D. ASHRAE 62: Covers ventilation and indoor air quality, not energy performance.

Therefore, the correct baseline standard is ASHRAE 90.1-2010.

One of the requirements for the Sustainable Sites Credit: Rainwater Management is that projects must use Green Infrastructure (GI) and Low Impact Development (LID) techniques within the LEED project boundary. GI and LID are design approaches that mimic natural hydrologic processes to manage stormwater runoff at its source. GI and LID techniques include strategies such as rain gardens, bioswales, permeable pavements, green roofs, rain barrels, cisterns, and vegetated buffers. The other options are not requirements for the Sustainable Sites Credit: Rainwater Management. Maximizing open space within the LEED project boundary is a requirement for the Sustainable Sites Credit: Open Space. Calculating the total rainwater runoff for 75th percentile rainfall events is a requirement for the Sustainable Sites Credit: Site Assessment. Using a combination of both structural and non-structural measures to manage a 90th percentile rainfall event is an option for meeting Option 1 of the Sustainable Sites Credit: Rainwater Management. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, page 27; USGBC, [Sustainable Sites], page 4-5.

Climate change is weighted the most in the LEED rating systems because it is considered the most urgent and significant environmental challenge facing humanity. Climate change is caused by the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which trap heat and alter the global climate patterns. Climate change can have severe consequences for human health, biodiversity, water resources, food security, and social equity. LEED projects can help mitigate climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions from building operations and materials, as well as enhancing resilience and adaptation to climate impacts. The LEED impact categories andpoint allocation process assigns 35% of the total points to climatechange. References: LEED v4 Impact Category and Point Allocation Process Overview2; LEED v4 BD+C Reference Guide, Introduction, page 9

A scorecard rule for LEED Credit Point Allocation is that there is a maximum of 100 base points available for each rating system. These points are distributed among the different credit categories based on their relative contribution to the overall environmental impact and human health benefits of a project. The point allocation process is informed by a weighting methodology that uses life cycle assessment and expert judgment to assign weights to each of the LEED impact categories. The impact categories reflect the goals and priorities of LEED, such as reversing climate change, enhancing human health, protecting water resources, and promoting social equity. References: LEED v4 Impact Category and Point Allocation Process Overview1; LEED scorecard5

LEED for Building Operations and Maintenance (O+M) is the rating system that applies to existing buildings and interior spaces that have been fully operational and occupied for at least one year1. It focuses on performance-oriented sustainable strategies and outcomes, such as energy efficiency, water conservation, waste management, indoor environmental quality, and transportation2. LEED O+M can help existing buildings reduce their environmental impacts and improve their operations1.

 2 LEED rating system | U.S. Green Building Council1 LEED for Existing Buildings (LEED-EB) | Harvard Energy & Facilities.

Installing permanent water submeters that measure the total potable water use for a building and associated grounds allows facility staff to track water consumption and identify leaks. This can help reduce water waste, lower utility bills, and improve water efficiency1. It can also contribute to the Water Metering credit in the Water Efficiency category of LEED v42.

How LEED Guides Users to Water Efficiency - Facilitiesnet1

Submeter at least two water subsystems | LEEDuser2

In LEED v4 BD+C, the Rainwater Management credit is part of the Sustainable Sites (SS) category. This credit aims to reduce the volume and improve the quality of stormwater runoff by mimicking the natural hydrology of the site.

“The intent of this credit is to reduce runoff volume and improve water quality by replicating natural hydrology and water balance of the site.”

– LEED v4 BD+C Reference Guide, SS Credit: Rainwater Management

Key components include:

Managing rainfall on site using green infrastructure,

Promoting infiltration, evapotranspiration, and reuse,

Addressing both quantity and quality of runoff.

This credit does not fall under:

Water Efficiency (A) – which focuses on reducing potable water use indoors/outdoors.

Location and Transportation (C) – which addresses site accessibility and connectivity.

Energy and Atmosphere (D) – which deals with building energy systems.

Correct answer: B. Sustainable Sites

A vegetated roof, also known as a green roof, is a roof that is partially or completely covered with vegetation and a growing medium, such as soil or compost. A vegetated roof can help reduce the heat island effect and manage rainwater runoff by providing the following benefits12:

It reduces the surface temperature of the roof by reflecting solar radiation and cooling the air through evapotranspiration, which is the process of plants releasing water vapor from their leaves. This can lower the ambient temperature of the surrounding area and improve thermal comfort for occupants and pedestrians.

It reduces the amount and speed of stormwater runoff by retaining and filtering rainwater in the vegetation and growing medium. This can prevent flooding, erosion, and pollution of downstream water bodies, as well as reduce the demand for potable water for irrigation or other purposes.

It enhances the biodiversity and habitat of the urban environment by providing a space for plants, animals, insects, and microorganisms to thrive. This can improve the ecological health and resilience of the ecosystem and provide aesthetic and recreational benefits for humans.

Other strategies that can contribute to reducing the heat island effect and managing rainwater runoff are:

White cement roof pavers: These are tiles made of concrete that have a high solar reflectance index (SRI), which measures how well a surface reflects solar radiation. White cement roof pavers can help reduce the surface temperature of the roof by reflecting more solar radiation than darker or less reflective materials. However, they do not provide any benefits for stormwater management, as they are impervious surfaces that do not retain or filter rainwater34.

A rainwater collection system: This is a system that captures and stores rainwater from roofs or other surfaces for reuse. A rainwater collection system can help reduce stormwater runoff by diverting rainwater from landfills or incinerators to other destinations, such as irrigation, toilet flushing, or cooling. However, it does not provide any benefits for reducing the heat island effect, as it does not affect the surface temperature of the roof or the surrounding air5 .

Shading structures that include photovoltaic panels: These are structures that provide shade for roofs or other surfaces by blocking direct sunlight. Shading structures that include photovoltaic panels can help reduce the heat island effect by lowering the surface temperature of the roof or the shaded area. They can also help generate renewable energy from solar power, which can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and energy costs. However, they do not provide any benefits for stormwater management, as they do not retain or filter rainwater .

 In the commercial LEED rating systems, achieving 40-49 points will result in Silver level certification. The points are awarded based on how well the project meets various sustainability criteria set out in the LEED rating system. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

According to the LEED v4 Glossary of Terms1, a site that has been graded is commonly defined as previously developed, which means "land that has been altered by paving, construction, and/or land use that would typically have required regulatory permitting to have been initiated (alterations may exist now or in the past)"1. A greenfield is "a site not previously developed or graded that could support open space, habitat, or agriculture"1. A brownfield is "a property, the expansion, redevelopment, or reuse of which may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant"1. A previously undeveloped site is "a site that has never been built on or graded for development"2.

Strategies for improving building occupants’ comfort and control may consist of installing operable windows, giving occupants lighting control and providing ergonomic furniture. These strategies can enhance the indoor environmental quality (IEQ) of a building, which is the physical and psychological conditions of the indoor spaces that affect the health, comfort, and productivity of the occupants. Installing operable windows can allow occupants to adjust the natural ventilation, temperature, and fresh air intake of their spaces. Giving occupants lighting control can allow them to adjust the artificial lighting levels, color, and direction of their spaces. Providing ergonomic furniture can support the physical comfort, posture, and well-being of the occupants12. References: LEED v4 Green Associate Candidate Handbook1, LEED v4 BD+C Reference Guide2

LEED prerequisites are the minimum requirements that a project must meet in order to be eligible for LEED certification. Prerequisites are mandatory for all projects and cannot be substituted or waived. If a project does not meet a prerequisite in one credit category, it does not qualify for certification, regardless of how many points it earns in other categories123.

A project that does not meet a prerequisite in one credit category does not forfeit all points in the same credit category, as points are awarded for meeting optional credits, not prerequisites. A project cannot file a CIR (Credit Interpretation Request) to seek clarification or exception for a prerequisite, as CIRs are only applicable for credits. A projectcannot substitute a prerequisite from an alternative rating system, as prerequisites are specific to each rating system and reflect the minimum standards for that system

The credit templates are the online forms that document the achievement of the LEED credits for a project pursuing LEED certification. The credit templates are completed and signed by the specified team member who is responsible for the credit, such as the architect, engineer, contractor, or owner. The teammember must provide the required information, calculations, narratives, and supporting documentation for each credit13. References: LEED v4 Green Associate Candidate Handbook1, LEED v4 BD+C Reference Guide3

Increasing the amount of ventilation in an occupied space affects the Indoor Environmental Quality credit category. Ventilation is the process of supplying fresh outdoor air and removing stale indoor air from a building. Ventilation can improve the indoor environmental quality by diluting or removing indoor pollutants, such as carbon dioxide, volatile organic compounds, or particulate matter, and enhancing the thermal comfort and well-being of the occupants. The LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook states that one of the strategies for achieving indoor environmental quality is to “increase ventilation rates” [1, p. 16]. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, [Ventilation | U.S. Department of Energy]

Prerequisites and credits are the two types of requirements that make up the LEED rating system. Prerequisites are the basic elements or strategies that must be included in any LEED certified project, regardless of the rating system or the level of certification1. Credits are the additional elements or strategies that can be included in a LEED project to achieve higher levels of performance and certification1. Credits are optional and have different point values depending on their environmental benefits and impacts2. Therefore, the correct answer is B. Prerequisites are mandatory and credits are optional.

LEED v4 | U.S. Green Building Council

LEED credit library | U.S. Green Building Council

A high-efficiency HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) system can directly reduce a building’s greenhouse gas emissions by using less energy than a standard system. Since most energy production involves the burning of fossil fuels, which releases greenhouse gases, using less energy results in fewer emissions. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

This scenario would potentially help a project earn the most LEED points because it aligns with the goals and criteria of the LEED v4 Location and Transportation category,which aims to reduce the environmental and human health impacts of transportation and promote sustainable site selection1. By renovating a large building in a diverse, walkable business district and central transit connectivity, the project can:

Preserve existing buildings and reduce the demand for new construction materials and land development2

Enhance the livability, vitality, and diversity of the urban area and support mixed-use development3

Provide access to quality transit options and reduce the reliance on private vehicles, lower greenhouse gas emissions, and encourage alternative modes of travel4

Support walkability and connectivity to various amenities and services within walking distance5

Avoid locating on sensitive lands or prime farmland that could support open space, habitat, or agriculture

These strategies can help the project earn points for various credits under theLocation and Transportation category, such as LEED for Neighborhood Development Location, Surrounding Density and Diverse Uses, Access to Quality Transit, Bicycle Facilities, Reduced Parking Footprint, High Priority Site and Equitable Development1.

LEED Online is the official platform provided by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) for managing the entire LEED project certification process. It is used for:

Project registration

Credit documentation submission

Team collaboration

Tracking review comments

Final certification decisions

As stated in LEED study resources and USGBC documentation:

“LEED Online is the primary tool for managing the LEED certification process. Project teams use it to upload documentation, track progress, and communicate with reviewers.”

Let’s review the incorrect options:

Option A: LEED AP exams are registered through Prometric or the USGBC website, not LEED Online.

Option C: Public project data is viewed via the USGBC project directory, not LEED Online (which is private to project teams).

Option D: Reference guides are purchased through the USGBC online store, not LEED Online.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

The water use reduction for a project is determined by finding the difference between the baseline conditions and the calculated installed case. The baseline conditions are the water use of the project if it were designed to meet the minimum requirements of the Energy Policy Act of 1992 or a local equivalent, whichever is more stringent. The calculated installed case is the water use of the project based on the actual fixtures and fittings installed or specified. The water use reduction is calculated as a percentage of savings from the baseline conditions. The LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook states that one of the strategies for achieving water efficiency is to “calculate water use reduction by comparing a building project’s water use with the water use baseline calculated for the building after meeting the Energy Policy Act of 1992 fixture performance requirements” [1, p. 14]. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, [Water Use Reduction | U.S. Green Building Council]

LEED certification is awarded based on the number of points a project earns across several categories of green building performance. The range of points required to achieve the Certified level of certification for the commercial LEED Rating System is 40-49, out of a possible 110points. The other levels of LEED certification are: Silver (50-59 points), Gold (60-79 points), and Platinum (80 or more points)12. References: LEED v4 Green Associate Candidate Handbook1, LEED v4 BD+C Reference Guide2

Drip irrigation is a method of watering plants that delivers water directly to the roots through a network of pipes, tubes, valves, and emitters. Drip irrigation is not a plumbingfixture, but a landscaping technique that can reduce outdoor water use by minimizing evaporation, runoff, and overspray12.

Plumbing fixtures are devices that provide water for various purposes, such as washing, bathing, cooking, or flushing. Plumbing fixtures include urinals, showerheads, kitchen faucets, and other types of faucets, toilets, bidets, and sinks. Plumbing fixtures are subject to indoor water use reduction strategies in LEED certification, such as installing low-flow or high-efficiency models, using automatic sensors or timers, or implementing water reuse systems34.

From the Project Surroundings guide:

“Only about 3% of Earth’s water is freshwater.”

This limited availability emphasizes the importance of water conservation in LEED.

Light-colored paving and cool roofs refer to materials with higher emissivity and higher albedo. Emissivity is the ability of a material to emit heat that it absorbs, while albedo is a measure of how much light that hits a surface is reflected without being absorbed. Materials with high emissivity can help reduce heat islands by releasing more of the heat they absorb, while those with high albedo can reflect more sunlight and thus stay cooler. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

The scorecard is the recommended tool for the project team to utilize in order to determine the target certification level. The scorecard is a document that lists all the prerequisites and credits available for a specific rating system, along with their point values and requirements. The project team can use the scorecard to track their progress and estimate their potential score based on their design strategies and performance goals. The scorecard also helps the project team to identify synergies and trade-offs among different credits, prioritize their efforts, and optimize their resources.

The other options are not useful for estimating the certification level, as they are tools for documenting or clarifying specific credits or issues. The credit submittal form is a template that guides the project team on how to submit the required documentation for each credit. The project CIR (Credit Interpretation Request) is a service that allows the project team to ask technical questions or request clarifications on credit requirements or standards from USGBC or GBCI reviewers. The certification level cannot be determined without complete drawings, as they are necessary to demonstrate compliance with credit criteria.

Minimal hardscape and permeable surfaces allow water to infiltrate, reducing rainwater runoff and supporting sustainable stormwater management strategies. These practices align with LEED Sustainable Sites goals​​.

The Promote Sustainable and Regenerative Material Resource Cycles impact category in LEED encourages the use of materials that can be continually cycled back into the same system at their end-of-life. This is referred to as moving to cyclical, non-depleting material cycles. It promotes the use of renewable or recyclable materials and reduces waste. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

The Montreal Protocol is an international treaty that aims to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances (ODS). ODS are chemicals that contain chlorine or bromine, which can destroy the ozone molecules in the stratosphere. CFCs, or chlorofluorocarbons, are a group of ODS that were widely used in refrigeration, air conditioning, aerosols, and solvents. The Montreal Protocol banned the production of CFCs in 201012. Freon is a trade name for some CFCs and HCFCs, or hydrochlorofluorocarbons, which are also ODS but less harmful than CFCs. The Montreal Protocol also controls the production of HCFCs, which are being phased out gradually12. Ammonia is not an ODS and is not regulated by the Montreal Protocol1.

The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer | U.S. Department of State2

Montreal Protocol - Wikipedia1

The Montreal Protocol: fixing the ozone layer and taking climate action - Canada.ca3

Composting toilets operate without water, making them ideal for reducing potable water consumption. LEED promotes such innovative technologies for achieving water efficiency credits​​.

A life-cycle assessment (LCA) is a strategy that can help an owner of newly acquired land design a building that uses materials that have minimal impact on the environment. An LCA is a method that evaluates the environmental impacts of a product or material over its entire life cycle, from extraction to disposal. An LCA can measure the impacts on various categories, such as energy use, water use, greenhouse gas emissions, resource depletion, and waste generation. An LCA can help compare different products or materials based on theirenvironmental performance and select the ones that have the lowest impact13. References: LEED v4 Green Associate Candidate Handbook1, EPA’s Life CycleAssessment3

One of the values and benefits of building green is that it will enhance the health of the building occupants. Building green is a process that incorporates environmental considerations into every stage of a building’s life cycle, from design to construction to operation to end-of-life. Building green can improve the indoor environmental quality (IEQ) of a building, which is the physical and psychological conditions of the indoor spaces that affect the health, comfort, and productivity of the occupants. Building green can enhance IEQ by using low-emitting materials, providing adequate ventilation, controlling temperature and humidity, optimizing daylighting and lighting quality, reducing noise levels, and promoting occupant well-being12. References: LEED v4 Green Associate Candidate Handbook1, LEED v4 BD+C Reference Guide2

Integrative design is the term that encourages team members to collaborate throughout the process of design and construction to create synergistic solutions. Integrative design is an approach that considers the interrelationships among various building systems, environmental factors, and occupant needs, and seeks to optimize the performance, cost, and environmental benefits of the project. The LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook states that one of the intents of the Integrative Process category is to “support high-performance, cost-effective project outcomes through an early analysis of the interrelationships among systems” [1, p. 12]. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, [Integrative Design Process | Whole Building Design Guide]

Pervious paving, also known as permeable paving, allows water to pass through it, facilitating the recharging of aquifers. This type of paving reduces runoff by allowing water to soak into the ground, which can help replenish groundwater supplies and reduce the impact on nearby water bodies. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

A 100% vegetated roof coverage best addresses both heat island effect and rainwater runoff from the roof only. A vegetated roof, also known as a green roof, is a layer of living plants thatcovers the roof surface. A vegetated roof reduces the heat island effect by providing shade, evapotranspiration, and insulation, lowering the roof temperature and the surrounding air temperature. A vegetated roof also reduces rainwater runoff by retaining and absorbing precipitation, decreasing the volume and peak flow of stormwater leaving the roof. The other options are not as effective as a 100% vegetated roof coverage in addressing both heat island effect and rainwater runoff from the roof only. A 100% high-albedo roof reflects more solar radiation than a conventional roof, reducing the heat island effect, but it does not reduce rainwater runoff. A 20% high-albedo and 80% conventional roof has a lower reflectance than a 100% high-albedo roof, resulting in a higher heat island effect, and it does not reduce rainwater runoff either. A 50% standing seam copper and 50% vegetated roof has a lower vegetated area than a 100% vegetated roof, resulting in less shade, evapotranspiration, insulation, retention, and absorption, leading to a higher heat island effect and more rainwater runoff. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, page 27; USGBC, [Sustainable Sites], page 3.

The location valuation factor gives extra credit for products sourced within 100 miles (160 km) of the project site, promoting local economies and reduced transport emissions.

“Products extracted, manufactured, and purchased within 100 miles of the project site are valued at 200% of their cost to encourage support for local economies.”

— LEED v4 BD+C Reference Guide, MR Credit: Sourcing of Raw Materials

A site with minimal hardscape (such as concrete, asphalt, or other impervious surfaces) that has a large permeable surface (such as soil, grass, or other vegetation) results in reduced rainwater runoff. This is because permeable surfaces allow rainwater to infiltrate into the ground, replenishing the groundwater and reducing the amount of water that flows over the surface and carries pollutants into storm drains and waterways. Reducing rainwater runoff is one of the goals of the LEED v4 Location and Transportation category, which offers credits for using strategies such as green roofs, permeable paving, rain gardens, and vegetated swales

The discovery phase is the most important phase of the integrative process, as it sets the foundation for the rest of the project. In this phase, the project team conducts a preliminary analysis of the site, building, systems, and occupants to identify the goals, challenges, and opportunities for improving performance and sustainability. The team also engages in an iterative process of exploring design options, evaluating trade-offs, and selecting strategies that optimize multiple benefits across different disciplines and stakeholders. The discovery phase requires a high level of collaboration and communication among the team members and with the client, as well as a holistic and systems thinking approach to problem-solving. References: LEED v4 BD+C Reference Guide, Integrative Process, page 28; LEED v4: Building Design +Construction Guide4

Resource depletion is a major environmental concern related to energy use. The extraction and use of non-renewable energy resources (such as fossil fuels) can lead to their depletion over time. This is why strategies that reduce energy use or utilize renewable energy sources are important in green building practices. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

Life-cycle costing (LCC) is a method of estimating the total cost of owning and operating an asset over its entire life span. LCC considers all costs associated with the acquisition, installation, operation, maintenance, and disposal of the asset12. LCC can help businesses make better decisions about purchasing, budgeting, pricing, and investing in assets2.

LCC does not quantify environmental impacts such as acidification, eutrophication, or global warming. These impacts are measured by life-cycle assessment (LCA), which is a method of evaluating the environmental effects of a product or service throughout its life cycle. LCA considers the inputs and outputs of materials, energy, and emissions at each stage of the product or service life cycle34. LCA can help businesses identify opportunities to reduce their environmental footprint, improve their sustainability performance, and comply with environmental regulations4.

However, LCC and LCA are often used together to compare different alternatives based on both economic and environmental criteria. For example, a business may use LCC to estimate the energy costs of different lighting options, and LCA to estimate the greenhouse gas emissions of each option. By combining LCC and LCA results, the business can select the option that minimizes both costs and emissions.

This formula is used to calculate the percentage of restoration area for the LEED v4 credit SSc2: Protect or Restore Habitat1. The restoration area is the portion of the site that is restored with native or adapted vegetation, and the total previously disturbed site area is the area that was altered by human activity before the project2.

References := NC-v4.1 SSc2: Protect or Restore Habitat | LEEDuser, LEED CERTIFICATION- REQUIREMENTS FOR SS CREDIT: PROTECT OR RESTORE …

The cost of commissioning (Cx) is often repaid with recovered energy performance. Commissioning is a process of verifying and documenting that a building and its systems meet the design intent and the owner’s project requirements. Commissioning can help improve the energy efficiency, indoor environmental quality, and occupant satisfaction of a building. According to a study by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, commissioning can result in median energy savings of 13% for existing buildings and 16% for new construction, with payback times of 1.1 years and 4.2 years, respectively1. Therefore, commissioning can be acost-effective investment that pays off with reduced energy consumption and costs over the life cycle of a building. References: Building Commissioning: A Golden Opportunity for Reducing Energy Costs and Greenhouse Gas Emissions1; LEED v4 BD+C Reference Guide, Energy and Atmosphere, page 81

EPA’s ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager is a no-cost, interactive energy management tool that allows you to securely track and assess energy and water consumption across your building portfolio12. You can use Portfolio Manager to benchmark your building’s performance, set investment priorities, verify savings, and apply for ENERGY STAR certification23. Portfolio Manager does not measure embodied energy, which is the total amount of energy required to produce, transport, and install building materials.

 LEED is an acronym for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, which is the most widely used green building rating system in the world. LEED provides a framework for creating healthy, efficient, and cost-saving buildings that have positive environmental and social impacts. LEED certification is a globally recognized symbol of sustainability achievement and leadership12.

Monitoring outdoor airflow is a strategy for improving indoor environmental quality during construction. Outdoor airflow is the amount of fresh air that enters a building through natural or mechanical means. Monitoring outdoor airflow can help ensure that adequate ventilation is provided to the building during construction, which can prevent the accumulation of indoor pollutants, such as dust, debris, or volatile organic compounds, that may affect the health and comfort of the workers or occupants. The LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook states that one of the strategies for achieving indoor environmental quality is to “monitor outdoor airflow” [1, p. 16]. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, [Outdoor Airflow | ASHRAE]

The U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) is the organization that developed and maintains the LEED Rating System. It defines the structure, intent, and requirements of LEED certification systems for various building types (e.g., BD+C, ID+C, O+M, ND, Homes).

“The LEED rating system was developed by the USGBC to provide a framework for healthy, highly efficient, and cost-saving green buildings.”

– LEED v4 BD+C Reference Guide, Introduction

Clarifying the incorrect options:

A. LEED Operations and Maintenance exam is managed by Green Business Certification Inc. (GBCI), not USGBC.

C. LEED Credential Maintenance Program (CMP) is also administered by GBCI.

D. LEED User is a third-party platform maintained by BuildingGreen, not USGBC.

Correct answer: B – LEED Rating System, created and maintained by USGBC.

Life-cycle assessment (LCA) is the approach that refers to the identification and quantification of environmental effects throughout the life of the materials and products used in a project as well as the project itself. LCA evaluates the environmental impacts of a product, process, or service from cradle to grave, or from raw material extraction to disposal or reuse. LCA considers various impact categories, such as global warming potential, ozone depletion potential, acidification potential, eutrophication potential, smog formation potential, and human health impacts. LCA can help to compare the environmental performance of different design options, select more sustainable materials and products, and reduce the environmental footprint of a project

One of the causes of surface water degradation is the expansion of impervious surfaces. Impervious surfaces are those that do not allow water to infiltrate into the soil, such as roads, parking lots, rooftops, and sidewalks. Impervious surfaces increase the amount and speed of stormwater runoff, which can carry pollutants, sediments, nutrients, and pathogens into surface water bodies such as streams, rivers, lakes, and oceans. Impervious surfaces also reduce groundwater recharge, lower base flow in streams, increase flooding and erosion, alter streammorphology and habitat, and affect water temperature and dissolved oxygen levels2. Therefore, impervious surfaces can have significant negative impacts on the quality and quantity of surface water resources. References: Surface Water as a cause of land degradation from dryland salinity3; What is Water Pollution?4

Acoustic Performance is a credit that aims to provide workspaces andclassrooms that promote occupants’ well-being, productivity, and communications through effective acoustic design1. This credit falls under the Indoor Environmental Quality category, which addresses the quality of the indoor environment as it relates to the health andcomfort of building occupants2. The Indoor Environmental Quality category has different credits for different LEED rating systems, such as LEED BD+C, LEED ID+C, LEED O+M, and LEED ND3. Acoustic Performance is one of the credits that is available for some of these rating systems, such as LEED BD+C: Schools, LEED ID+C: Commercial Interiors, and LEED O+M: Existing Buildings4.

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Acoustic performance | U.S. Green Building Council

Indoor Environmental Quality |U.S. Green Building Council

LEED Rating Systems Overview

LEED rating system

LEED credits in the Sustainable Sites category emphasize minimizing light trespass:

“Good exterior lighting design results in the reduction of three forms of light pollution: uplight, glare, and light trespass.”

Light trespass refers to unwanted light spilling over beyond the site boundary, negatively affecting adjacent properties and ecosystems.

An occupant survey is the most efficient way for building users to rate the heating and air-conditioning and other aspects of work spaces. An occupant survey is a tool that collects feedback from building occupants about their satisfaction with various aspects of their indoor environment, such as thermal comfort, lighting quality, acoustic quality, air quality, and spatial layout. An occupant survey can help identify areas for improvement, monitor performance, evaluate design strategies, and inform future decisions. The LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook states that one of the strategies for achieving indoor environmental quality is to “conduct occupant surveys on thermal comfort” [1, p. 16]. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, [Occupant Surveys | Center for the Built Environment]

The Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPAct of 1992) is a United States government act that set goals, createdmandates, and amended utility laws to increase clean energy use and improve overall energy efficiency in the United States1. The EPAct of 1992 is a baseline standard for the Energyand Atmosphere prerequisite category in LEED v4, which aims to reduce the environmental and economic impacts of excessive energy use and promote the use of renewable and alternative energy sources2. The EPAct of 1992 establishes the minimum energy performancerequirements for buildings, such as lighting power density, HVAC efficiency, and water heating efficiency3. The EPAct of 1992 also provides tax incentives and grants for energy conservationand renewable energy projects1. The EPAct of 1992 was amended by the Energy Policy Act of 2005, which updated some of the provisions and standards of the original act4.

Graywater refers to wastewater that is not heavily soiled, typically from bathroom sinks, showers, tubs, and washing machines. It does not include water from toilets (which is considered blackwater) or kitchen sinks (which can contain food waste). Graywater can be treated and reused for purposes like landscape irrigation, which can save water and earn LEED points. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

The footprint of a building is the area of ground that it covers, defined by its perimeter. It’s essentially the shape that results when you trace around the outer walls of a building plan. This term is used in architecture and urban planning to describe the space that a building occupies on a site. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

LEED states:

“Refrigerants have ozone depletion potential (ODP) and global warming potential (GWP)... Projects should select refrigerants with low values of both.”

This aligns with the credit “Fundamental Refrigerant Management” in LEED v4.

Unless mitigated, resource consumption over the life of a conventional building incrementally increases the total emissions footprint. This is because conventional buildings often use non-renewable resources for energy and materials, which contribute to greenhouse gas emissions during extraction, production, use, and disposal. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

An externality is a consequence of an economic activity that affects other parties who are not directly involved in the activity. Externalities can be positive or negative, depending on whether they create benefits or costs for others. When a developer builds a new shopping center in a rural area, one externality might be an increase in traffic on adjacent roads. This is a negative externality because it imposes costs on other road users who are not part of thedevelopment project, such as increased travel time, fuel consumption, air pollution, noise pollution, and accident risk13. References: LEED v4 Green Associate Candidate Handbook1, Investopedia’s Externality

The Integrative Process is most effective during the early design stage of a project. This is when key decisions about the project are being made that can have a significant impact on its sustainability performance. By considering sustainability objectives from the outset, teams can identify opportunities for synergies and cost savings that may not be apparent later in the project. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

Installing concrete sidewalks and parking areas will increase the quantity of the rainwater that is discharged from a site. Rainwater is the water that falls as precipitation on a site. Rainwater discharge is the amount of rainwater that leaves a site as surface runoff or subsurface flow. Rainwater discharge can affect the quantity and quality of water resources downstream by causing erosion, flooding, sedimentation, pollution, and habitat loss. Concrete sidewalks and parking areas are examples ofimpervious surfaces that prevent rainwater from infiltrating intothe soil and increase rainwater discharge by creating more runoff1 . References: LEED v4 Green Associate Candidate Handbook1, EPA’s Stormwater Management

Tightly sealed (air-tight) buildings are often highly energy-efficient, particularly important in hot, humid climates like the tropics, where air conditioning demand is high. However, these airtight designs can limit fresh air exchange and potentially reduce indoor air quality (IAQ) unless carefully managed.

This sets up a trade-off scenario:

EA Credit: Optimize Energy Performance encourages tightly controlled environments to reduce energy consumption (especially from HVAC systems).

IEQ Credit: Enhanced Indoor Air Quality Strategies promotes fresh air circulation, filtration, and contaminant control to maintain health and comfort.

From LEED v4 BD+C Reference:

"Achieving high energy efficiency through airtightness must be balanced with adequate ventilation and IAQ strategies to ensure occupant health and comfort."

Therefore:

Option B is correct, representing this trade-off.

Option A (metering and construction IAQ) doesn’t reflect the trade-off in building operation.

Option C includes demand response, which is about energy grid participation, not IAQ.

Option D (heat island and thermal comfort) relates to exterior design and comfort, not air-tightness vs IAQ.

Recycling is a strategy that can be used during the building process and after occupation to reduce waste. Recycling involves collecting, sorting, processing, and reusing or selling materials that would otherwise be discarded as waste. Recycling can save natural resources, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, create jobs, and lower disposal costs1 . Recycling can also help to achieveLEED credits in the Materials and Resources category by reducing the amount of construction and demolition waste generated by the project or by diverting waste from landfills or incinerators. References: LEED v4 Green Associate Candidate Handbook1, EPA’s Recycling Basics2, LEED v4 BD+C Reference Guide

When a project involves multiple rating systems, the project team must decide the most appropriate one based on the project’s scope and primary objectives. LEED provides guidance to facilitate this decision​​.

A list of materials to be diverted from disposal is a component of a construction waste management plan. A construction waste management plan is a document that outlines the goals, procedures, and responsibilities for diverting construction and demolition waste from landfills or incinerators. A list of materials to be diverted from disposal identifies the types and quantities of materials that can be recycled, reused, salvaged, or donated, as well as the destinations and methods for diversion. The other options are not components of a construction waste management plan. Projected cost savings from diverting waste is a potential benefit of implementing a construction waste management plan, but it is not a required component. Quantity of waste generated from excavated soil is a factor that affects the construction waste generation rate, but it is not a component of a construction waste management plan. Distance of the recycling facility from the project site is a factor that affects the transportation emissions and costs associated with diverting waste, but it is not a component of a construction waste management plan. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, page 28; USGBC, [Materials and Resources], page 3.

The LEED Fellow is a distinction awarded by GBCI for LEED APs who have made significant contributions to the field of green building and sustainability at a regional, national or global level. The LEED Fellow designation recognizes exceptional contributions to green building and significant professional achievement within the rapidly growing community of LEED Professionals. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

Low-emitting materials, including partitions, are intended to:

“...reduce concentrations of chemical contaminants that can damage air quality, human health, productivity, and the environment.”

VOCs are a major indoor air contaminant addressed under the Indoor Environmental Quality category.

The amount of landfill-destined waste generated during project construction can be reduced by requiring the general contractor to follow requirements for using dimensional construction materials, prefabrication or material efficient framing. These methods reduce the amount of material waste by minimizing cutting, fitting, and trimming on site, and by using standardized or modular components that can be easily reused or recycled. The LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook states that one of the strategies for achieving materials and resources efficiency is to “reduce construction waste through efficient framing techniques” [1, p. 15]. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, [Reducing Construction Waste | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]

vocs are volatile organic compounds that can evaporate from paints, solvents, adhesives, and other building materials. They can cause health problems such as eye irritation, respiratory distress, headaches, and cancer. Limiting the concentration of vocs in the air protects the health of construction personnel by reducing their exposure to these harmful substances12.

References :=

Occupational Hygiene - Occupational Exposure Limits | CCOHS

1910.1450 - Occupational exposure to hazardous chemicals in laboratories. | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

The Materials and Resources (MR) category focuses on reducing the environmental, economic, and social impacts of building materials from extraction to disposal12. It encourages the use of materials that have lower embodied energy, less waste, more recycled content, and better life-cycle performance12.

LEED v4: Building Design + Construction Guide - U.S. Green Building Council1

Credit’s Supporting LEED’s Materials and Resources Category | Legrand2

Infill development refers to building within unused and underutilized lands in existing urban areas, rather than developing on greenfields or open land. According to LEED v4 BD+C under LT Credit: Sensitive Land Protection and LT Credit: High Priority Site, infill development:

"Encourages development in locations with existing infrastructure to reduce environmental impacts of new construction."

"Limits land consumption and supports compact development by building on previously developed sites in established communities."

This practice supports smart growth, reduces the need for new roads and utilities, and maximizes land efficiency.

Option B (Parking restrictions) help reduce car use but don’t directly address land efficiency.

Option C (Financial incentives) are policies, not land-use strategies.

Option D (Increased open space) preserves land but doesn't reduce development footprint unless combined with compact development.

Correct answer: A. Infill development — it most directly supports land efficiency and sustainable site development.

The use of native plant species, captured rainwater, and evapotranspiration controllers are all strategies that can contribute to reducing outdoor water use. Native plants are adapted to local conditions and typically require less water than non-native species. Captured rainwater can be used for irrigation, reducing the need for potable water. Evapotranspiration controllers adjust irrigation schedules based on weather conditions and plant needs, preventing overwatering. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

ASHRAE developed the MERV scale, which rates air filter efficiency in capturing airborne particles. LEED references MERV ratings in Indoor Environmental Quality credits to ensure air quality​​.

The U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) administers the LEED rating systems development. The LEED rating systems are frameworks that provide guidance and criteria for designing, constructing, operating, and maintaining green buildings. The USGBC is responsible for developing, maintaining, and updating the LEED rating systems through a consensus-based process that involves various stakeholders, such as technical experts, industry leaders, government representatives, and public comments. The LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook states that “USGBC is committed to transforming the way our buildings are designed, constructed and operated through LEED” [1, p. 7]. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, [LEED Rating Systems | U.S. Green Building Council]

Rainwater storage cisterns are components of a collected rainwater irrigation system that are most likely to make it cost prohibitive over a conventional system in a large site that has a short, intense rainy season and a long, dry season. A collected rainwater irrigation system is a system that collects, stores, and distributes rainwater for irrigation purposes. Rainwater storage cisterns are containers that store the collected rainwater until it is needed for irrigation. In a large site that has a short, intense rainy season and a long, dry season, the rainwater storage cisterns would need to be very large and durable to capture and store enough rainwater for the dry season. This would increase the initial cost and maintenance cost of the system compared to a conventional system that uses potable water or groundwater for irrigation1 . References: LEED v4 Green Associate Candidate Handbook1, EPA’s Rainwater Harvesting

Developing a construction purchasing policy is a strategy that promotes sustainable purchasing during construction. A construction purchasing policy is a document that outlines the criteria and requirements for selecting materials, products, and services that have lower environmental impacts and support human health during construction. A construction purchasing policy can address issues such as recycled content, regional materials, certified wood, low-emitting materials, rapidly renewable materials, durability, life cycle assessment, waste reduction, and indoor air quality. The other options are not strategies that promote sustainable purchasing during construction. Specifying green electronic equipment is relevant for operations purchasing, not construction purchasing. Reducing regional materials expense by 10% does not necessarily imply sustainable purchasing, as regional materials may have higher or lower environmental impacts depending on their source and transportation methods. Implementing an erosion and sedimentation plan is a strategy that protects water quality during construction, but does not address sustainable purchasing. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, page 24; USGBC, [Guide to LEED Certification: Commercial], page 12.

Green Seal is a non-profit organization that develops standards and certifies products and services that are environmentally preferable and meet rigorous performance criteria1. Green Seal has standards for various categories of products and services, including custodial products and materials, such as cleaners, degreasers, floor care products, paper products, and hand soaps2. Green Seal-certified custodial products and materials can help achieve credits in the LEED v4 Materials and Resources category, such as Purchasing - Ongoing Consumables34.

About Us | Green Seal1

Standards | Green Seal2

LEED v4: Building Design + Construction Guide - U.S. Green Building Council3

Credit’s Supporting LEED’s Materials and Resources Category | Legrand4

LEED encourages compact communities because they provide reduction in travel associated with reaching services. Compact communities are communities that have high-density development patterns, mixed land uses, walkable streets, and diverse transportation options. Compact communities reduce the need for driving long distances to access various services, such as work, education, health care, recreation, or shopping. This reduces fuel consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution, traffic congestion, and infrastructure costs. The LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook states that one of the intents of the Location and Transportation category is to “reduce vehicle miles traveled (VMT)” [1, p. 12]. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, [Compact Communities | U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development]

Submetering systems are devices that measure the water consumption of specific building components, such as cooling towers, irrigation systems, process water systems, or tenant spaces. They allow the facility operator to monitor and optimize the water use of different systems and identify any leaks or inefficiencies12. Submetering systems are also required for some LEED credits, such as Water Metering and Cooling Tower Water Use3.

How LEED Guides Users to Water Efficiency - Facilitiesnet1

Optimize Process Water Use | U.S. Green Building Council2

LEED Certification Tips: Water Efficiency | Buildings4

LEED considers products to be environmentally preferable when they are locally extracted, manufactured, and purchased. This is because local sourcing reduces the environmental impact associated with transportation, supports local economies, and can often ensure that the materials are suitable for the local climate and conditions. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

In the context of a LEED project, the charrette is a meeting of stakeholders, project team members and others to establish project objectives. The charrette is a collaborative and participatory process that involves brainstorming, discussing, and generating ideas and solutions for the project’s sustainability goals, design strategies, performance targets, and evaluation methods. The charrette is usually held at the early stages of the project to ensure alignment and integration among all parties involved. The LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook states that one of the steps in the integrative process is to “conduct a preliminary LEED assessment with key project team members, including owner” [1, p. 12]. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, [Charrette | Whole Building Design Guide]

Reclaimed water (also called recycled water) is treated wastewater that is reused for non-potable purposes, such as landscape irrigation or toilet flushing. LEED encourages the use of reclaimed water to reduce potable water use.

“Reclaimed water is wastewater that has been treated to remove solids and impurities for reuse in non-potable applications.”

— LEED v4 BD+C Reference Guide, Water Efficiency

【GBES LEED v4 Study Guide】

Regional Priority credits are awarded to encourage projects to address local environmental issues that are of particular importance or concern for the region where the project is located. These issues may include water scarcity, air quality, habitat protection, or human health. Regional Priority credits are not new LEED credits, but rather existing credits that have been identified by regional councils or chapters of USGBC as having higher priority or relevance for their areas. Projects can earn up to four bonus points by achieving Regional Priority credits. References: LEED v4 BD+C Reference Guide, Introduction, page 13; LEED v4 Impact Category and Point Allocation Process Overview1

Soft surfaces contribute to a comfortable acoustic environment by absorbing sound waves and reducing noise levels. This can include items such as carpets, upholstered furniture, and acoustic ceiling tiles. In contrast, hard surfaces (like wood cabinets, hollow metal doors, or glass partitions)can reflect sound waves and increase noise levels. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

Construction Waste Management is tracked by weight:

“LEED tracks the total amount of waste diverted from landfills in terms of weight or volume.”

This provides a quantitative measure of how much waste was properly managed.

The project team’s strategy of using low-flow toilet fixtures and integrating non-potable water strategies for the building interior falls under the Water Efficiency category. The Water Efficiency category addresses the conservation and management of water resources in buildings and landscapes. Using low-flow toilet fixtures reduces the amount of potable waterused for flushing toilets, saving water and energy. Integrating non-potable water strategies for the building interior involves using alternative sources of water, such as rainwater, graywater, or reclaimed water, for non-potable purposes such as toilet flushing or irrigation, reducing the demand for potable water and wastewater generation. The other options are not categories that this strategy falls under. Innovation is a category that recognizes exemplary performance, innovative strategies, or pilot credits that are not covered by existing LEED credits. Sustainable Sites is a category that addresses the selection, development, and maintenance of project sites in ways that minimize environmental impacts and enhance human health and well-being. Optimized Process Water Use is not a LEED category or credit. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, page 31; USGBC [Water Efficiency], page 1-2.

Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) are tradable, non-tangible energy commodities that represent the environmental attributes of one megawatt-hour of electricity generated from renewable sources, such as wind, solar, hydro, or biomass1. RECs can be purchased by anyone, regardless of their location or utility provider, to support the development of renewable energy and reduce their carbon footprint2. RECs can also help projects earn points for the LEED v4 Innovation credit for Green Power and Carbon Offsets,which requires the purchase of at least 50% of the total building energy use from renewable sources or offsets for a minimum of five years3.

Using Renewable Energy for LEED Certification

Renewable Energy Certificates For Green Building Explained

LEED v4, Renewable Energy, and Carbon Offsets

As of 1996, the Montreal Protocol banned the production of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), a chemical compound known to have ozone-depleting potential. CFCs are synthetic substances that were widely used as refrigerants, propellants, solvents, and foam-blowing agents. CFCs have high ozone depletion potential (ODP), which means they can destroy the ozone layer that protects the Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation. The Montreal Protocol is an international treaty that aims to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances. The Montreal Protocol banned the production of CFCs in 1996 fordeveloped countries and in 2010 for developing countries1 . References: LEED v4 Green Associate Candidate Handbook1, UNEP’s Montreal Protocol

Smart growth principles aim to create livable, walkable, and sustainable communities that reduce sprawl, preserve natural resources, and enhance quality of life. One of the principles is to foster distinctive, attractive communities with a strong sense of place by mixing land uses, providing a range of housing opportunities and choices, creating walkable neighborhoods, and encouraging community and stakeholder collaboration in development decisions. The project that protects open space and farmland by building housing and offering transportation choices near jobs, shops and schools exemplifies this principle. References: LEED v4 Green Associate Candidate Handbook, Smart Growth Principles

Sustainable forestry is the practice of managing forest resources in a way that meets the current and future needs of humans forforest products, while also conserving and enhancing the ecological, social, and economic values of the forest and its surrounding landscape1. One of the key aspects of sustainable forestry is to maintain the biodiversity of the forest, which refers to the variety and abundance of living organisms, such as plants, animals, fungi, and microorganisms, and their interactions within the forest ecosystem2. Biodiversity is important for the health and resilience of the forest, as it provides essential ecosystem services, such as carbon sequestration, water purification, soil formation, nutrient cycling, pollination, pest control, and climate regulation23. Biodiversity also supports the livelihoods, cultures, and well-being of forest-dependent communities and indigenous peoples23.

What is sustainable forestry?

Why is biodiversity important for forests?

LEED v4 - FSC United States

Daylighting falls under the Indoor Environmental Quality category. LEED awards points for strategies that enhance natural light to improve occupant comfort and reduce energy consumption​​.

Implementing a stormwater pollution prevention plan during construction can help projects meet on-site sustainability goals. This plan outlines measures to control runoff and prevent soil erosion, which can carry pollutants into nearby water bodies. By managing stormwater on-site, projects can protect local water quality while also recharging groundwater supplies. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

Access to quality transit is one of the criteria for the LEED v4 Location and Transportation category, which aims to reduce the environmental and human health impacts of transportation and promote sustainable site selection. By developing an urban site that is well-served by public transportation, the building owner can reduce the reliance on private vehicles, lower greenhouse gas emissions, and encourage alternative modes of travel123.

LEED v4: Building Design + Construction Guide1, page 25

LEED v4 Credit Tutorials: Location & Transportation (BD+C/ID+C)2

LEED v4 Q+A: Location and Transportation3

Paved surfaces absorb and retain heat, increasing local temperatures and contributing to the heat island effect. LEED encourages mitigating this effect by using materials with high Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) or implementing strategies like green roofs and shaded areas​​.

Stone that is harvested and processed 80 mi (128.7 km) from the project site and purchased 75 mi (121 km) away is considered a local material because it meets the criteria of being extracted, harvested, recovered, or manufactured within 100 mi (160 km) of the project site. Local materials can help reduce environmental impacts associated with transportation, such as greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution, and energy consumption. Local materials can also support the local economy and community. LEED projects can earn credits for using local materials under the Materials and Resources category. References: Local Materialsin India3; LEED v4 BD+C Reference Guide, Materials and Resources, page 65

Designing buildings to shade each other can help reduce energy demand by decreasing cooling loads. By strategically positioning buildings on a site, it’s possible to use the buildings themselves to block solar heat gain, reducing the need for air conditioning. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

The integrative process involves collaboration among all project team members, from initial planning through design and construction, to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of systems. This process allows for better coordination among disciplines, leading to more efficient use of resources, improved environmental performance, reduced project costs, and enhanced occupant satisfaction. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

Waste that is transported or diverted to landfills can have negative impacts on the environment, such as occupying valuable land, contaminating soil and water, and emitting harmful gases. One of the most significant impacts is the production of methane, a potent greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming and climate change. Methane is generated when organic waste decomposes anaerobically (without oxygen) in landfills. Methane has a global warming potential 28 times higher than carbon dioxide over a 100-year period12. References: LEED v4 Green Associate Candidate Handbook1, EPA’s Landfill Methane Outreach Program2

Building-Level Water Metering is a prerequisite in LEED v4 Water Efficiency category. Building-Level Water Metering means that the project must install permanent water meters that measure the total potable water use for the building and associated grounds. The project must also commit to sharing the water usage data with USGBC for at least five years after occupancy or certification. The LEEDGreen Associate Candidate Handbook states that this is one of the two prerequisites in the Water Efficiency category [1, p. 14]. References: [LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook], [Building-Level Water Metering | U.S. Green Building Council]

The Solar Reflective Index (SRI) is a measure of how well a material reflects solar radiation and releases absorbed heat. It is used to evaluate the performance of cool roofs, which can reduce the heat island effect by lowering the surface temperature of buildings and urban areas.

References :=

SRI Calculator | LEEDuser

What Is Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) of Materials?

Picking A Cool Roof:SRI Index Is Key - Roofing Coverage - Facilitiesnet

Solar Reflectivity ® & Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) by Color

LEED CANADA SOLAR REFLECTANCE AND EMISSIVITY - Vicwest

Lighting controls are devices or systems that can regulate the amount and quality of light in a space according to various factors, such as user preferences, natural light availability, occupancy, and time of day. By doing so, lighting controls can improve occupant comfort and save energy throughout the building. Lighting controls can enhance the visual comfort, well-being, and productivity of the occupants by providing them with appropriate and adjustable light levels for different tasks and moods. Lighting controls can also reduce the energy consumption and environmental impact of the lighting system by avoiding unnecessary or excessive lighting, which can waste electricity, generate heat, and contribute to greenhouse gas emissions.Lighting controls are an essential component of green building design and certification, such as LEED v4, which has adopted ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010 as the baseline for energy performance and lighting requirements. LEED v4 also recognizes and rewards various lighting control strategies, such as automatic shutoff, light-level reduction, daylight harvesting, exterior lighting control, and plug-load control. References: [LEED Link: Minimum Energy Performance], section “LEED v4 BD+C: Minimum Energy Performance”; [LEED Link: Lighting Controls], section “LEED v4 BD+C: Lighting Controls”