SUSE sca_sles15 SUSE Certified Administrator in Enterprise Linux 15 Exam Practice Test

The term “action” means an action that defines where a log message ends up such as in a regular file or database table when referring to system logging in SUSE Linux Enterprise. An action is part of a rule that specifies how to process a log message based on its properties. An action can be one of the following types: file, pipe, shell, template, discard, stop, call, omusrmsg, ommysql, ompgsql, etc. References:https://documentation.suse.com/sles/15-SP3/html/SLES-all/cha-syslog.html#sec-syslog-config-actions

The option for zypper that will list the available patches is zypper lp. This command will display a table of patches that are applicable to your system but not yet installed. It will show the patch name, category, severity, summary, and status for each patch. You can use zypper patch to install all available patches or zypper patch-info to get more details about a specific patch. References:https://documentation.suse.com/sles/15-SP3/html/SLES-all/sec-zypper.html#sec-zypper-patches

Firewalld uses two separated configuration sets, runtime, and permanent configuration.

The runtime configuration is the actual running configuration and it is not persistent on reboots. When the firewalld service starts it loads the permanent configuration which becomes the runtime configuration.

https://www.supportsages.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-firewalld/#:~:text=Firewalld%20uses%20two%20separated%20configuration,which%20becomes%20the%20runtime%20configuration .

Firewalld maintains two separate configurations: runtime and permanent. The runtime configuration is the current state of the firewall that is applied to the system. It can be changed by various commands and tools without affecting the permanent configuration. The permanent configuration is the persistent state of the firewall that is stored in configuration files. It can be changed by various commands and tools with the --permanent option. The permanent configuration will take effect after reloading firewalld or rebooting the system. References:https://documentation.suse.com/sles/15-SP3/html/SLES-all/sec-firewall-firewalld.html#sec-firewall-firewalld-config

https://documentation.suse.com/sles/12-SP4/html/SLES-all/cha-security-acls.html

The three permissions available on posix file systems are read, write, and execute. The read permission allows the user to view the contents of a file or directory. The write permission allows the user to modify or delete a file or directory. The execute permission allows the user to run a file as a program or change into a directory. References:https://documentation.suse.com/sles/15-SP3/html/SLES-all/sec-file-permissions.html#sec-file-permissions-types

https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/htm l_node/Bash-Startup-Files.html

When Bash is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-interactive shell with the --login option, it first reads and executes commands from the file /etc/profile, if that file exists. After reading that file, it looks for ~/.bash_profile, ~/.bash_login, and ~/.profile, in that order, and reads and executes commands from the first one that exists and is readable. The --noprofile option may be used when the shell is started to inhibit this behavior.

The first file executed by a bash login shell is /etc/profile. This file sets global environment variables and aliases for all users. It may also source other files in /etc/profile.d/ directory. References:https://documentation.suse.com/sles/15-SP3/html/SLES-all/cha-bash.html#sec-bash-startup

The bash commands that result in a valid arithmetic expansion are:

• TOTAL=$[8/2]
• TOTAL=$((5+2))
• ((TOTAL++))

Arithmetic expansion is a bash feature that allows you to perform integer calculations and assign or use the result in a command or expression. There are two syntaxes for arithmetic expansion: [expression]and((expression)). The expression can contain variables, operators, parentheses, etc. The ((expression)) syntax can also be used without the $ sign for assignments or conditional tests. References: https://documentation.suse.com/sles/15-SP3/html/SLES-all/cha-bash.html#sec-bash-arithmetic

The file that contains information about secondary groups on the system is /etc/group. This file defines the group names, group IDs, group passwords, and group members for each group on the system. The primary group information for each user is stored in /etc/passwd file. References:https://documentation.suse.com/sles/15-SP3/html/SLES-all/sec-user-group.html#sec-user-group-files

The statement that is true regarding the life cycle support for SUSE Linux platform products is that the support for SLE platforms has a 13 year life cycle: 10 years of general support and 3 years of extended support. General support includes security updates, bug fixes, feature enhancements, and technical support. Extended support includes security updates and technical support only. Service packs have a different life cycle depending on their release date and version. References:https://www.suse.com/lifecycle/

The UID that the root user has is 0. The UID (user ID) is a numeric value that uniquely identifies a user on the system. The root user is the superuser or administrator who has full privileges and access to all files and commands on the system. The root user always has the UID of 0, regardless of its name or password. References:https://documentation.suse.com/sles/15-SP3/html/SLES-all/sec-user-group.html#sec-user-group-root

The ip route show or ip r s commands will display the routing table on a Linux system. The routing table contains information about how to reach different network destinations. The cat /etc/sysconfig/routes command will display the static routes configuration file, which may not reflect the current routing table. The other commands are either invalid or unrelated to routing. References:https://documentation.suse.com/sles/15-SP3/html/SLES-all/sec-network-routing.html

The program systemd is the process with process ID 1. It is responsible for initializing the system in the required way. systemd is started directly by the kernel and resists signal 9, which normally terminates processes. All other programs are either started directly by systemd or by one of its child processes.

The system initialization system used in SLES 15 is systemd. It is a modern and powerful system and service manager that replaces the traditional init system. It provides faster boot times, better dependency handling, parallelization, and more features and capabilities. References:https://documentation.suse.com/sles/15-SP3/html/SLES-all/cha-systemd-basics.html

The configuration files that have a format that is compatible with the system logging facility in SUSE Linux Enterprise are /etc/syslog.conf and /etc/rsyslog.conf. These files contain rules that specify how to filter and process log messages from different sources and destinations. The /etc/syslog.conf file is used by the traditional syslogd daemon, while the /etc/rsyslog.conf file is used by the more advanced rsyslogd daemon. SUSE Linux Enterprise uses rsyslogd by default, but it can also read /etc/syslog.conf for backward compatibility. References:https://documentation.suse.com/sles/15-SP3/html/SLES-all/cha-syslog.html#sec-syslog-config

The /mnt directory is traditionally used as a catch all to mount local and/or remote file systems. It is a generic mount point for temporary mounts by the system administrator. It may contain subdirectories for different types of file systems or devices, such as /mnt/cdrom, /mnt/usb, /mnt/nfs, etc. References:https://documentation.suse.com/sles/15-SP3/html/SLES-all/cha-storage-mounting.html#sec-storage-mounting-mnt

The recommended file system for data volumes is XFS. XFS is a high-performance and scalable file system that supports large files and file systems, online defragmentation and resizing, metadata checksums, and other features. XFS is the default file system for data partitions in SLES 15. References:https://documentation.suse.com/sles/15-SP3/html/SLES-all/cha-filesystems.html#sec-filesystems-xfs

If you are setting up a SLES 15 server that will require very large data volumes and journaling capabilities, the best choice for your data volumes is XFS. XFS is a high-performance and scalable file system that supports large files and file systems, online defragmentation and resizing, metadata checksums, and other features. XFS also provides journaling capabilities that ensure data consistency and integrity in case of system crashes or power failures. XFS is the default file system for data partitions in SLES 15. References:https://documentation.suse.com/sles/15-SP3/html/SLES-all/cha-filesystems.html#sec-filesystems-xfs

If you want to define alias commands so that each time you open a terminal window those aliases are available from the command prompt, you should create a file named -/.alias and put your alias commands in that file. The -/.alias file is one of the files that are sourced by the bash shell when it starts. It can contain alias definitions and other customizations for your shellenvironment. References:https://documentation.suse.com/sles/15-SP3/html/SLES-all/cha-bash.html#sec-bash-startup

The command and options to remove repository number 4 are zypper rr 4. This command will remove the repository with the alias or number 4 from the system. It will also delete anyassociated cache data and metadata. To list the repositories on the system, you can use zypper lr or zypper repos. References:https://documentation.suse.com/sles/15-SP3/html/SLES-all/sec-zypper.html#sec-zypper-repos

The execute permission on a directory means you can use the cd command to change into the directory. It also means you can access the files and subdirectories inside the directory, if you have read permission on them. The execute permission does not affect the visibility or exportability of the directory. References:https://documentation.suse.com/sles/15-SP3/html/SLES-all/sec-file-permissions.html

The /etc/fstab file contains information about file systems that need to be mounted at boot time or on demand. It specifies the device name, mount point, file system type, mount options, dump frequency, and fsck order for each file system. References:https://documentation.suse.com/sles/15-SP3/html/SLES-all/cha-storage-mounting.html#sec-storage-mounting-fstab

Log file rotation is the process of compressing or deleting old log files to save disk space and improve performance. The /etc/logrotate.conf file controls the global settings for log file rotation, such as frequency, size limit, compression method, etc. The /etc/logrotate.d/ directory contains configuration files for specific log files that can override the global settings in /etc/logrotate.conf. The /usr/sbin/logrotate program is used to perform log file rotation according to the configuration files. It is usually invoked by a cron job in /etc/cron.daily/logrotate. References:https://documentation.suse.com/sles/15-SP3/html/SLES-all/sec-logrotate.html

After the kernel has been loaded during the boot process, udev will handle hardware detection. Udev is a device manager that creates device nodes and symlinks in /dev based on rules and events. It also loads kernel modules and applies persistent device names and permissions. References:https://documentation.suse.com/sles/15-SP3/html/SLES-all/sec-boot-initrd.html#sec-boot-initrd-udev