PECB ISO-IEC-27001-Lead-Implementer PECB Certified ISO/IEC 27001 : 2022 Lead Implementer exam Exam Practice Test

Annex A 7.1 of ISO/IEC 27001 : 2022 is a control that requires an organization to define and implement security perimeters and use them to protect areas that contain information and other associated assets. Information and information security assets can include data, infrastructure, software, hardware, and personnel. The main purpose of this control is to prevent unauthorized physical access, damage, and interference to these assets, which could compromise the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the information. Physical security perimeters can include fences, walls, gates, locks, alarms, cameras, and other barriers or devices that restrict or monitor access to the facility or area. The organization should also consider the environmental and fire protection of the assets, as well as the disposal of any waste or media that could contain sensitive information.

References:

• ISO/IEC 27001 : 2022 Lead Implementer Study Guide, Section 5.3.1.7, page 101
• ISO/IEC 27001 : 2022 Lead Implementer Info Kit, page 17
• ISO/IEC 27002 : 2022, Control 7.1 – Physical Security Perimeters123

Clock synchronization is the control that enables the correlation and analysis of security-related events and other recorded data and to support investigations into information security incidents. According to ISO/IEC 27001:2022, Annex A, control A.8.23.1 states: “The clocks of all relevant information processing systems within an organization or security domain shall be synchronized with an agreed accurate time source.” This ensures that the timestamps of the events and data are consistent and accurate across different systems and sources, which facilitates the identification of causal relationships, patterns, trends, and anomalies. Clock synchronization also helps to establish the sequence of events and the responsibility of the parties involved in an incident.

References:

• ISO/IEC 27001:2022, Annex A, control A.8.23.1
• PECB ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Implementer Course, Module 7, slide 21

One of the ways to prepare employees for an ISO/IEC 27001 audit is to conduct practice interviews with them. This can help them to familiarize themselves with the audit process, the types of questions they might be asked, and the evidence they need to provide to demonstrate compliance with the standard. Practice interviews can also help employees to identify any gaps or weaknesses in their knowledge or performance, and to address them before the actual audit. Practice interviews can be conducted by internal auditors, managers, or consultants, and should cover the relevant scope, objectives, and criteria of the audit. (From the PECB ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Implementer Course Manual, page 113)

References:

• PECB ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Implementer Course Manual, page 113
• PECB ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Implementer Info Kit, page 10
• 5 Step Plan: How to Prepare for an ISO 27001 Certification Audit

According to ISO/IEC 27001, training and awareness are two different but complementary activities that aim to enhance the information security competence and performance of the organization’s personnel. Training is the process of providing instruction and guidance to help individuals acquire certain skills, knowledge, or abilities related to information security. Awareness is the process of raising the level of consciousness and understanding of the importance and benefits of information security, and developing certain habits and behaviors that support the information security objectives and requirements.

In scenario 6, Colin is holding a training and awareness session for the personnel of Skyver, which means he is combining both activities to achieve a more effective and comprehensive information security education. The training part of the session covers topics such as Skyver’s information security policies and procedures, and techniques for mitigating phishing and malware. The awareness part of the session covers topics such as Skyver’s information security approaches and challenges, and the benefits of information security for the organization and its customers. The purpose of the session is to help the personnel acquire the necessary skills to perform their information security roles and responsibilities, and to develop the appropriate habits and behaviors to protect the information assets of the organization.

References:

• ISO/IEC 27001:2013, clause 7.2.2: Information security awareness, education and training
• ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Implementer Course, Module 6: Implementing the ISMS based on ISO/IEC 27001
• ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Implementer Course, Module 7: Performance evaluation, monitoring and measurement of the ISMS based on ISO/IEC 27001
• ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Implementer Course, Module 8: Continual improvement of the ISMS based on ISO/IEC 27001
• ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Implementer Course, Module 9: Preparing for the ISMS certification audit
• ISO 27001 Security Awareness Training and Compliance - InfosecTrain1
• ISO/IEC 27001 compliance and cybersecurity awareness training2
• ISO 27001 Free Training | Online Course | British Assessment Bureau

According to the ISO/IEC 27001 : 2022 standard, information security incident management is the process of ensuring a consistent and effective approach to the managementof information security incidents, events and weaknesses. One of the objectives of this process is to collect and preserve evidence that can be used for disciplinary and legal action, as well as for learning and improvement. Therefore, Anna should be aware of the collection and preservation of records when gathering data for the forensics team. She should follow the information security incident management policy of InfoSec, which specifies the type, format, content and location of the records to be created and maintained. She should also ensure that the records are protected from unauthorized access, modification, deletion or disclosure, and that they are retained for an appropriate period of time.

References:

• ISO/IEC 27001 : 2022, Information security, cybersecurity and privacy protection — Information security management systems — Requirements, Clause 16.1.7, Collection of evidence
• ISO/IEC 27001 : 2022, Information security, cybersecurity and privacy protection — Information security management systems — Requirements, Annex A.16.1.7, Collection of evidence
• ISO/IEC 27001 : 2022 Lead Implementer Study Guide, Chapter 9, Information security incident management

 Availability of information is the property of being accessible and usable upon demand by an authorized entity. In other words, availability ensures that the information and the systems that support it are always ready for use when needed. In the scenario, the availability of information was affected when HealthGenic experienced a number of service interruptions due to the increased number of users accessing the software. This means that the software was not able to handle the demand and provide the required functionality to the users. Therefore, the correct answer is A.

References: ISO/IEC 27001:2013, Information technology — Security techniques — Information security management systems — Requirements, clause 3.13.

According to ISO/IEC 27001:2022, clause 10.2.2, the organization shall define and apply an information security incident management process that includes the following activities:

• reporting information security events and weaknesses;
• assessing information security events and classifying them as information security incidents;
• responding to information security incidents according to their classification;
• learning from information security incidents, including identifying causes, taking corrective actions and preventive actions, and communicating the results and actions taken;
• collecting evidence, where applicable.

The standard does not specify who should perform these activities, as long as they are done in a consistent and effective manner. Therefore, the organization may choose to conduct forensic investigation internally or by using external consultants, depending on its needs, resources, and capabilities. However, the organization should ensure that the external consultants are competent, trustworthy, and comply with the organization’s policies and procedures.

References: ISO/IEC 27001:2022, Information security, cybersecurity and privacy protection — Information security management systems — Requirements, clause 10.2.2; PECB ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Implementer Course, Module 10: Incident Management.

According to ISO/IEC 27001 : 2022 Lead Implementer, risk retention is one of the four risk treatment options that an organization can choose to deal with unacceptable risks. Risk retention means that the organization accepts the risk without taking any action to reduce its likelihood or impact. It applies to risks that are either too costly or impractical to address, or that have a low probability or impact. Therefore, an example of risk retention is when an organization decides to release the software even though some minor bugs have not been fixed yet. This implies that the organization has assessed the risk of releasing the software with bugs and has determined that it is acceptable, either because the bugs are not critical or because the cost of fixing them would outweigh the benefits.

References:

• ISO/IEC 27001 : 2022 Lead Implementer Study guide and documents, section 8.3.2 Risk treatment
• ISO/IEC 27001 : 2022 Lead Implementer Info Kit, page 14, Risk management process
• 3, ISO 27001: Top risk treatment options and controls explained

An access control software is a type of preventive control that is designed to limit the access to sensitive files and information based on the user’s identity, role, or authorization level. An access control software helps to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the information by preventing unauthorized users from viewing, modifying, or deleting it. An access control software also helps to create an audit trail that records who accessed what information and when, which can be useful for accountability and compliance purposes.

The IT Department of a financial institution decided to implement preventive controls to avoid potential security breaches. Therefore, they separated the development, testing, and operating equipment, secured their offices, and used cryptographic keys. However, they are seeking further measures to enhance their security and minimize the risk of security breaches. An access control software would help the IT Department achieve this objective by adding another layer of protection to their sensitive files and information, and ensuring that only authorized personnel can access them.

References:

• ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Lead Implementer Course Guide1
• ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Lead Implementer Info Kit2
• ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Information Security Management Systems - Requirements3
• ISO/IEC 27002:2022 Code of Practice for Information Security Controls4
• What are Information Security Controls? - SecurityScorecard4
• What Are the Types of Information Security Controls? - RiskOptics2
• Integrity is the property of safeguarding the accuracy and completeness of information and processing methods. A breach of integrity occurs when information is modified or destroyed in an unauthorized or unintended manner. In this case, Diana accidently modified the order details of a customer without their permission, which resulted in the customer receiving an incorrect product. This means that the information about the customer’s order was not accurate or complete, and therefore, the integrity principle was breached. Availability and confidentiality are two other information security principles, but they were not violated in this case. Availability is the property of being accessible and usable upon demand by an authorized entity, and confidentiality is the property of preventing disclosure of information to unauthorized individuals or systems.
• References: ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Lead Implementer Course Content, Module 5: Introduction to Information Security Controls based on ISO/IEC 27001:20221; ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Information Security, Cybersecurity and Privacy Protection, Clause 3.7: Integrity2

 According to ISO/IEC 27001:2022, clause 7.2.3, the organization shall conduct a competence needs analysis to determine the necessary competence of persons doing work under its control that affects the performance and effectiveness of the ISMS. The organization shall also evaluate the effectiveness of the actions taken to acquire the necessary competence and retain appropriate documented information as evidence of competence. Therefore, Colin should deliver the next training and awareness session after he conducts a competence needs analysis and records the competence related issues, such as the level of understanding, the gaps in knowledge, and the feedback from the participants.

References: ISO/IEC 27001:2022, clause 7.2.3; PECB ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Implementer Course, Module 7, slide 8.

According to ISO/IEC 27001, an incident management process must include processes for using knowledge gained from information security incidents to reduce the likelihood or impact of future incidents, and to improve the overall level of information security. This means that the organization should conduct a root cause analysis of the incidents, identify the lessons learned, and implement corrective actions to prevent recurrence or mitigate consequences. The organization should also document and communicate the results of the incident management process to relevant stakeholders, and update the risk assessment and treatment plan accordingly. (Must be taken from ISO/IEC 27001 : 2022 Lead Implementer resources)

References: ISO/IEC 27001 : 2022 Lead Implementer Study guide and documents, specifically:

• ISO/IEC 27001:2022, clause 10.2 Nonconformity and corrective action
• ISO/IEC 27001:2022, Annex A.16 Information security incident management
• ISO/IEC TS 27022:2021, clause 7.5.3.16 Information security incident management process
• PECB ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Implementer Course, Module 9: Incident Management

 According to ISO/IEC 27001:2022, clause 6.2, the organization shall establish information security objectives at relevant functions and levels. The information security objectives shall be consistent with the information security policy and relevant to the information security risks. The organization shall update the information security objectives as changes occur. Therefore, when OpenTech decides to establish a new version of its access control policy, it should update its information security objectives accordingly to reflect the changes and ensure alignment with the policy.

References: ISO/IEC 27001:2022, clause 6.2; PECB ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Implementer Course, Module 10, slide 8.

ISO/IEC 27001:2022 does not prescribe a specific set of security controls that must be implemented by all organizations. Instead, it allows organizations to select and implement the controls that are appropriate for their context, based on the results of a risk assessment and a risk treatment plan. Therisk treatment plan is a document that specifies the actions to be taken to address the identified risks, including the selection of controls from Annex A or other sources, the allocation of responsibilities, the expected outcomes, the priorities and the resources. Therefore, the security controls that must be implemented to comply with ISO/IEC 27001 are those that are included in the risk treatment plan, which may vary from one organization to another.

References:

• ISO/IEC 27001:2022, clause 6.1.3
• PECB ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Implementer Course, Module 5, slide 18

According to ISO/IEC 27001:2022, a threat is any incident that could negatively affect the confidentiality, integrity or availability of an asset1. In this scenario, the asset is the information related to HealthGenic’s patients, which is stored and processed by the web-based medical software. The software company’s modification of some files that comprised sensitive information related to HealthGenic’s patients is an incident that could negatively affect the confidentiality and integrity of the asset, as it resulted in incomplete and incorrect medical reports and invaded the patients’ privacy. Therefore, this situation represents a threat to HealthGenic.

References:

• ISO/IEC 27001:2022 - Information security, cybersecurity and privacy protection — Information security management systems — Requirements
• ISO 27001 Key Terms - PJR

According to ISO/IEC 27001:2013, clause 9.1, an organization must monitor, measure, analyze and evaluate its information security performance and effectiveness. This includes determining what needs to be monitored and measured, the methods for doing so, when and by whom the monitoring and measurement shall be performed, when the results shall be analyzed and evaluated, and who shall be responsible for ensuring that the actions arising from the analysis and evaluation are taken 1.

SunDee failed to comply with this requirement and did not monitor or measure the performance and effectiveness of its ISMS for the past two years. As a result, the company did not have any objective evidence or indicators to demonstrate the achievement of its information security objectives, the effectiveness of its controls, the satisfaction of its interested parties, or the identification and treatment of its risks. Thisalso meant that the company did not conduct regular management reviews of its ISMS, as required by clause 9.3, which would provide an opportunity for the top management to ensure the continuing suitability, adequacy and effectiveness of the ISMS, and to decide on any changes or improvements needed 1.

Just before the recertification audit, the company decided to conduct an internal audit, as required by clause 9.2, which is a systematic, independent and documented process for obtaining audit evidence and evaluating it objectively to determine the extent to which the audit criteria are fulfilled 1. However, the company did not have a well-defined audit program, scope, criteria, or methodology, and relied on the written reports of its staff for the past two years. This caused a disruption in the workforce, as most of the staff had to compile their reports for their departments, leaving the Production Department with less than the optimum workforce, which decreased the company’s stock. Moreover, the internal audit process was very inconsistent, as the reports were written by different employees with different styles, formats, and levels of detail. The internal audit process also lacked any qualitative measures, such as performance indicators, metrics, or benchmarks, to evaluate the performance and effectiveness of the ISMS.

Therefore, the cause of SunDee’s workforce disruption was the negligence of performance evaluation and monitoring and measurement procedures, which led to a lack of objective evidence, a poorly planned and executed internal audit, and a decrease in the company’s productivity and stock value.

References: 1: ISO/IEC 27001:2013, Information technology – Security techniques – Information security management systems – Requirements

Based on his tasks, Bob is part of the incident response team (IRT) of InfoSec. According to ISO/IEC 27035-2:2023, the IRT is a team of appropriately skilled and trusted members of an organization that responds to and resolves incidents in a coordinated way1. One of the tasks of the IRT is to conduct an evaluation of the nature of an unexpected event, including the details on how the event happened and what or whom it might affect1. This is consistent with Bob’s responsibility of ensuring that a thorough evaluation of the nature of an unexpected event is conducted. Therefore, Bob belongs to the incident response team.

References:

• ISO/IEC 27035-2:2023 (en), Information technology — Information security incident management — Part 2: Guidelines to plan and prepare for incident response1
• Response to Information Security Incidents | ISMS.online2

According to ISO/IEC 27001:2022, Annex A.8.24, the control for the effective use of cryptography is intended to ensure proper and effective use of cryptography to protect the confidentiality, authenticity, and/or integrity of information. This control can include cryptographic key management, which is the process of generating, distributing, storing, using, and destroying cryptographic keys in a secure manner. Cryptographic key management is essential for ensuring the security and functionality of cryptographic solutions, such as encryption, digital signatures, or authentication.

The standard provides the following guidance for implementing this control:

• A policy on the use of cryptographic controls should be developed and implemented.
• The policy should define the circumstances and conditions in which the different types of cryptographic controls should be used, based on the information classification scheme, the relevant agreements, legislation, and regulations, and the assessed risks.
• The policy should also define the standards and techniques to be used for each type of cryptographic control, such as the algorithms, key lengths, key formats, and key lifecycles.
• The policy should be reviewed and updated regularly to reflect the changes in the technology, the business environment, and the legal requirements.
• The cryptographic keys should be managed through their whole lifecycle, from generation to destruction, in a secure and controlled manner, following the principles of need-to-know and segregation of duties.
• The cryptographic keys should be protected from unauthorized access, disclosure, modification, loss, or theft, using appropriate physical and logical security measures, such as encryption, access control, backup, and audit.
• The cryptographic keys should be changed or replaced periodically, or when there is a suspicion of compromise, following a defined process that ensures the continuity of the cryptographic services and the availability of the information.
• The cryptographic keys should be securely destroyed when they are no longer required, or when they reach their end of life, using methods that prevent their recovery or reconstruction.

References:

• ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Lead Implementer Course Guide1
• ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Lead Implementer Info Kit2
• ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Information Security Management Systems - Requirements3
• ISO/IEC 27002:2022 Code of Practice for Information Security Controls4
• Understanding Cryptographic Controls in Information Security5

The statement describes the organizational boundaries of the ISMS scope, which define which parts of the organization are included or excluded from the ISMS. The organizational boundaries can be based on criteria such as departments, functions, processes, activities, or locations. In this case, the statement specifies that the ISMS covers all departments within Company XYZ that have access to customers’ data, and excludes the ones that do not. The statement also explains the purpose of the ISMS, which is to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of customers’ data, and ensure compliance with the applicable regulatory requirements regarding information security.

The statement does not describe the information systems boundary of the ISMS scope, which defines which information systems are included or excluded from the ISMS. The information systems boundary can be based on criteria such as hardware, software, networks, databases, or applications. The statement does not mention any specific information systems that are covered by the ISMS.

The statement also does not describe the physical boundary of the ISMS scope, which defines which physical locations are included or excluded from the ISMS. The physical boundary can be based on criteria such as buildings, rooms, cabinets, or devices. The statement does not mention any specific physical locations that are covered by the ISMS.

References:

• ISO/IEC 27001:2013, clause 4.3: Determining the scope of the information security management system
• ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Implementer Course, Module 4: Planning the ISMS based on ISO/IEC 27001
• ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Implementer Course, Module 6: Implementing the ISMS based on ISO/IEC 27001
• ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Implementer Course, Module 7: Performance evaluation, monitoring and measurement of the ISMS based on ISO/IEC 27001
• ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Implementer Course, Module 8: Continual improvement of the ISMS based on ISO/IEC 27001
• ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Implementer Course, Module 9: Preparing for the ISMS certification audit
• ISO/IEC 27001 scope statement | How to set the scope of your ISMS - Advisera1
• How to Write an ISO 27001 Scope Statement (+3 Examples) - Compleye2
• How To Use an Information Flow Map to Determine Scope of Your ISMS3
• ISMS SCOPE DOCUMENT - Resolver4
• Define the Scope and Objectives - ISMS Info5

According to ISO/IEC 27001:2022, clause 10.1, an action plan for nonconformities and corrective actions should include the following elements1:

• What needs to be done
• Who is responsible for doing it
• When it will be completed
• How the effectiveness of the actions will be evaluated
• How the results of the actions will be documented

In scenario 9, the action plan only describes what needs to be done and who is responsible for doing it, but it does not specify when it will be completed, how the effectiveness of the actions will be evaluated, and how the results of the actions will be documented. Therefore, the action plan is not sufficient to eliminate the detected nonconformities.

References:

1: ISO/IEC 27001:2022, Information technology — Security techniques — Information security management systems — Requirements, clause 10.1, Nonconformity and corrective action.

According to ISO/IEC 27001:2022, clause 10.1, corrective actions are actions taken to eliminate the root causes of nonconformities and prevent their recurrence, while preventive actions are actions taken to eliminate the root causes of potential nonconformities and prevent their occurrence. In scenario 9, OpenTech has taken corrective actions to address the nonconformity related to the monitoring procedures, but not preventive actions to avoid similar nonconformities in the future. For example, OpenTech could have taken preventive actions such as conducting regular reviews of the access control policy, providing training and awareness to the staff on the policy, or implementing automated controls to prevent user ID reuse.

References:

• ISO/IEC 27001:2022, Information technology — Security techniques — Information security management systems — Requirements, clause 10.1
• PECB, ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Implementer Course, Module 8: Performance evaluation, improvement and certification audit of an ISMS, slide 8.3.1.1

According to ISO/IEC 27001:2022, availability is one of the three principles of information security, along with confidentiality and integrity1. Availability means that information is accessible and usable by authorized persons whenever it is needed2. If an employee of the organization accidentally deleted customers’ data stored in the database, this would affect the availability of the information, as it would not be accessible when required by the authorized persons, such as the customers themselves, the organization’s staff, or other stakeholders. This could result in loss of trust, reputation, or business opportunities for the organization, as well as dissatisfaction or inconvenience for the customers.

References:

• ISO/IEC 27001:2022 - Information security, cybersecurity and privacy protection — Information security management systems — Requirements
• What is ISO 27001? A detailed and straightforward guide - Advisera

 According to ISO/IEC 27001 : 2022, risk acceptance criteria are the criteria used to decide whether a risk can be accepted or not1. Risk acceptance criteria are often based on a maximum level of acceptable risks, on cost-benefits considerations, or on consequences for the organization2. In the scenario, TradeB decided to treat only the high risk category, which implies that

According to the ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Lead Implementer objectives and content, the maturity levels of information security controls are based on the ISO/IEC 15504standard, which defines five levels of process capability: incomplete, performed, managed, established, and optimized1. Each level has a set of attributes that describe the characteristics of the process at that level. The level of defined corresponds to the attribute of process performance, which means that the process achieves its expected outcomes2. In this case, the control of two-factor authentication has been documented, standardized, and communicated, which implies that it has a clear purpose and expected outcomes. However, the control is not consistently implemented, monitored, or measured, which means that it does not meet the attributes of the higher levels of managed, established, or optimized. Therefore, the control is at the level of defined, which is the second level of maturity.

References:

• 1: ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Lead Implementer Course Brochure, page 5
• 2: ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Lead Implementer Course Presentation, slide 25

A demilitarized zone (DMZ) is a network segment that separates the internal network from the external network, such as the Internet. It is used to host public services that need to be accessible from outside the organization, such as web servers, email servers, or DNS servers. A DMZ provides a layer of protection for the internal network by limiting the exposure of the public services and preventing unauthorized access from the external network. A DMZ is an example of a preventive control, which is a type of control that aims to prevent or deter the occurrence of an information security incident. Preventive controls reduce the likelihood of a threat exploiting a vulnerability and causing harm to the organization’s information assets. Other examples of preventive controls are encryption, authentication, firewalls, antivirus software, and security awareness training.

References:

• ISO/IEC 27001 : 2022 Lead Implementer Study Guide, Section 8.2.3.2.1, page 162
• ISO/IEC 27001 : 2022 Lead Implementer Info Kit, page 13
• ISO/IEC 27002 : 2022, Section 13.1.3, page 66