HP HPE6-A85 Aruba Certified Campus Access Associate Exam Exam Practice Test

The option that allows you to access the switch and see the boot options available for OS images and ServiceOS is Conductor USB-C console port. This option provides direct access to ServiceOS, which is an operating system that runs on Aruba CX switches independently of AOS-CX Aruba Operating System CX (AOS-CX) is an operating system that runs on Aruba CX switches . ServiceOS provides low-level functions such as booting, firmware upgrades, password recovery, hardware diagnostics, switch stacking, and system recovery. ServiceOS can be accessed through one of two methods:

• Conductor USB-C console port: This method allows you to connect your PC or laptop to the USB-C console port on any member switch in a VSF stack using a USB-C cable. This method provides direct access to ServiceOS without requiring any configuration or authentication on AOS-CX.
• AOS-CX CLI: This method allows you to access ServiceOS through AOS-CX CLI using SSH or Telnet protocols. This method requires you to configure an IP address on AOS-CX and authenticate with your username and password.

To see the boot options available for OS images and ServiceOS, you need to access ServiceOS through Conductor USB-C console port and enter boot menu command at ServiceOS prompt.

The other options do not allow you to access the switch and see the boot options available for OS images and ServiceOS because:

• Member 2 RJ-45 console port: This option allows you to connect your PC or laptop to the RJ-45 console port on any member switch in a VSF stack using an RJ-45 cable. This option provides direct access to AOS-CX CLI, not ServiceOS.
• Member 2 switch mgmt port: This option allows you to connect your PC or laptop to the switch mgmt port on any member switch in a VSF stack using an Ethernet cable. This option provides indirect access to AOS-CX CLI through SSH or Telnet protocols, not ServiceOS.
• Conductor mgmt port using SSH: This option allows you to connect your PC or laptop to the mgmt port on any member switch in a VSF stack using an Ethernet cable. This option provides indirect access to AOS-CX CLI through SSH protocol, not ServiceOS.

References: https://www.arubanetworks.com/techdocs/AOS-CX_10_08/NOSCG/Content/cx-noscg/serviceos/serviceos-overview.htm https://www.arubanetworks.com/techdocs/AOS-CX_10_08/NOSCG/Content/cx-noscg/serviceos/access-serviceos.htm https://www.arubanetworks.com/techdocs/AOS-CX_10_08/NOSCG/Content/cx-noscg/serviceos/boot-menu.htm

The correct command to add a static route to a class-c-network 10.2.10.0 via a gateway of 172.16.1.1 is ip-route 10.2.10.0/24 172.16.1.1 . This command specifies the destination network address (10.2.10.0) and prefix length (/24) and the next-hop address (172.16.1 .1) for reaching that network from the switch. The other commands are either incorrect syntax or incorrect parameters for adding a static route. References:https://www.arubanetworks.com/techdocs/AOS-CX_10_04/NOSCG/Content/cx-noscg/ip-routing/static-routes.htm

Multiple Pre-Shared Key (MPSK) is a feature that allows device-specific or group-specific passphrases to securely add headless devices to the WLAN Wireless Local Area Network. WLAN is a wireless computer network that links two or more devices using wireless communication to form a local area network (LAN) within a limited area such as a home, school, computer laboratory, campus, or office building. . MPSK enhances the WPA2 PSK Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 Pre-Shared Key. WPA2 PSK is a method of securing your network using WPA2 with the use of the optional Pre-Shared Key (PSK) authentication, which was designed for home users without an enterprise authentication server. mode by allowing different PSKs for different devices on the same SSID Service Set Identifier. SSID is a case-sensitive, 32 alphanumeric character unique identifier attached to the header of packets sent over a wireless local-area network (WLAN). The SSID acts as a password when a mobile device tries to connect to the basic service set (BSS) — a component of the IEEE 802.11 WLAN architecture. . MPSK passwords can be generated or user-created and are managed by ClearPass Policy Manager12. References: 1 https://blogs.arubanetworks.com/solutions/simplify-iot-authentication-with-multiple-pre-shared-keys/  2 https://www.arubanetworks.com/techdocs/ClearPass/6.8/Guest/Content/AdministrationTasks1/Configuring-MPSK.htm

The source that WPA3-Personal uses to generate a different Pairwise Master Key (PMK) each time a station connects to the wireless network is session-specific information (MACs and nonces). WPA3-Personal uses Simultaneous Authentication of Equals (SAE) to replace PSK authentication in WPA2-Personal. SAE is a secure key establishment protocol that uses a Diffie-Hellman key exchange to derive a shared secret between two parties without revealing it to an eavesdropper. SAE involves the following steps:

• The station and the access point exchange Commit messages that contain their MAC addresses and random numbers called nonces.
• The station and the access point use their own passwords and the received MAC addresses and nonces to calculate a shared secret called SAE Password Element (PE).
• The station and the access point use their own PE and the received MAC addresses and nonces to calculate a shared secret called SAE Key Seed (KS).
• The station and the access point use their own KS and the received MAC addresses and nonces to calculate a shared secret called SAE Key Confirmation Key (KCK).
• The station and the access point use their own KCK and the received MAC addresses and nonces to calculate a confirmation value called SAE Confirm.
• The station and the access point exchange Confirm messages that contain their SAE Confirm values.
• The station and the access point verify that the received SAE Confirm values match their own calculated values. If they match, the authentication is successful and the station and the access point have established a shared secret called SAE PMK.

The SAE PMK is different for each session because it depends on the MAC addresses and nonces that are exchanged in each authentication process. The SAE PMK is used as an input for the 4-way handshake that generates the Pairwise Temporal Key (PTK) for encrypting data frames.

The other options are not sources that WPA3-Personal uses to generate a different PMK each time a station connects to the wireless network because:

• Opportunistic Wireless Encryption (OWE): OWE is a feature that provides encryption for open networks without requiring authentication or passwords. OWE uses a similar key establishment protocol as SAE, but it does not generate a PMK. Instead, it generates a Pairwise Secret (PS) that is used as an input for the 4-way handshake that generates the PTK.
• Simultaneous Authentication of Equals (SAE): SAE is not a source, but a protocol that uses session-specific information as a source to generate a different PMK each time a station connects to the wireless network.
• Key Encryption Key (KEK): KEK is not a source, but an output of the 4-way handshake that generates the PTK. KEK is used to encrypt group keys that are distributed by the access point.

References: https://www.wi-fi.org/discover-wi-fi/wi-fi-certified-6e https://www.wi-fi.org/file/wi-fi-alliance-unlicensed-spectrum-in-the-us https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/collateral/wireless/catalyst-9100ax-access-points/wpa3-dep-guide-og.html https://info.support.huawei.com/info-finder/encyclopedia/en/WPA3.html https://rp.os3.nl/2019-2020/p99/presentation.pdf

The correct statement when comparing 5 GHz and 6 GHz channels with identical channel widths is that 5 GHz channels travel different distances and provide different throughputs to clients compared to 6 GHz channels. This statement reflects the fact that higher frequency signals tend to have higher attenuation Attenuation is a general term that refers to any reduction in signal strength during transmission over distance or through an object or medium . Higher attenuation means that higher frequency signals have shorter range and lower throughput than lower frequency signals. Some facts about this statement are:

• 5 GHz channels have lower frequency than 6 GHz channels, which means they have lower attenuation than 6 GHz channels.
• Lower attenuation means that 5 GHz channels can travel longer distances and provide higher throughputs to clients than 6 GHz channels with identical channel widths.
• However, the difference in distance and throughput between 5 GHz and 6 GHz channels may not be significant in indoor environments where there are many obstacles and reflections that affect signal propagation.
• The advantage of using 6 GHz channels over 5 GHz channels is that they offer more spectrum availability, less interference, and more non-overlapping channels than 5 GHz channels.

The other options are not correct because:

• 5 GHz channels travel the same distances and provide different throughputs to clients compared to 6 GHz channels: This option is false because 5 GHz channels do not travel the same distances as 6 GHz channels due to higher attenuation of higher frequency signals.
• 5 GHz channels travel the same distances and provide the same throughputs to clients compared to 6 GHz channels: This option is false because 5 GHz channels do not travel the same distances or provide the same throughputs as 6 GHz channels due to higher attenuation of higher frequency signals.
• 5 GHz channels travel different distances and provide the same throughputs to clients compared to 6 GHz channels: This option is false because 5 GHz channels do not provide the same throughputs as

6 GHz channels due to higher attenuation of higher frequency signals.

References: https://www.wi-fi.org/discover-wi-fi/wi-fi-certified-6e https://www.wi-fi.org/file/wi-fi-alliance-spectrum-needs-study https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/wireless-mobility/wireless-lan-wlan/82068-power-levels.html https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/collateral/wireless/spectrum-expert-wi-fi/prod_white_paper0900aecd807395a9.html

Signal to noise ratio (SNR) is a measure that compares the level of a desired signal to the level of background noise. SNR is defined as the ratio of signal power to the noise power, often expressed in decibels (dB). A high SNR means that the signal is clear and easy to detect or interpret, while a low SNR means that the signal is corrupted or obscured by noise and may be difficult to distinguish or recover1. When the signal from an AP Access Point. AP is a device that allows wireless devices to connect to a wired network using Wi-Fi, or related standards. weakens by being absorbed as it moves through an object, such as a wall or a furniture, the signal power decreases. This reduces the SNR and affects the quality of the wireless connection. The noise power may also increase due to interference from other sources, such as other APs or devices operating in the same frequency band2. Therefore, the correct answer is that SNR decreases when the signal from an AP weakens by being absorbed as it moves through an object. References: 1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratio  2 https://documentation.meraki.com/MR/Wi-Fi_Basics_and_Best_Practices/Signal-to-Noise_Ratio_%28SNR%29_and_Wireless_Signal_Strength

 Virtual Switching Extension (VSX) is a feature that allows two Aruba CX switches to operate as a single logical device with a single control plane and data plane. VSX provides high availability, scalability, and simplified management for campus and data center networks3. In VSX, one switch is designated as the primary switch and the other as the secondary switch. The primary switch owns and responds to ARP Address Resolution Protocol. ARP is a communication protocol used for discovering the link layer address, such as a MAC address, associated with a given internet layer address, typically an IPv4 address. This mapping is a critical function in the Internet protocol suite. requests for the virtual IP address of the VSX pair4. The virtual IP address is used as the default gateway for clients connected to the access switch. If the primary switch fails, the secondary switch takes over the virtual IP address and continues to forward traffic for the clients5. References: 3 https://www.arubanetworks.com/techdocs/AOS-CX_10_04/UG/Content/cx-ug/vsx/vsx-overview.htm  4 https://www.arubanetworks.com/techdocs/AOS-CX_10_04/UG/Content/cx-ug/vsx/vsx-ip-addressing.htm  5 https://www.arubanetworks.com/techdocs/AOS-CX_10_04/UG/Content/cx-ug/vsx/vsx-failover.htm

A frame is the data link layer PDU that encapsulates the network layer PDU (packet) with a header and a trailer that contain information such as source and destination MAC addresses, frame type, error detection, etc. A frame is transmitted over a physical medium such asEthernet, Wi-Fi, etc. References:https://www.arubanetworks.com/techdocs/ArubaOS_86_Web_Help/Content/arubaos-solutions/1-overview/networking-basics.htm

The Alerts and Events dashboard displays all types of alerts and events generated for events pertaining to device provisioning, configuration, and user management. You can use the Config icon to configure alerts and notifications for different alert categories and severities1. You can also view the alerts and events in the List view and Summary view2. References: 1 https://www.arubanetworks.com/techdocs/central/latest/content/nms/alerts/configuring-alerts.htm  2 https://www.arubanetworks.com/techdocs/central/latest/content/nms/alerts/viewing-alerts.htm

Features: 1) Clustered Instant Access Points Aruba OS version: a) Aruba OS 8

Features: 2) Dynamic Radius Proxy Aruba OS version: a) Aruba OS 8

Features: 3) Scales to more than 10,000 devices Aruba OS version: b) Aruba OS 10

Features: 4) Unifies wired and wireless management Aruba OS version: a) Aruba OS 8 

Features: 5) Wireless controllers Aruba OS version: a) Aruba OS 8

ArubaOS is the operating system for all Aruba Mobility Controllers (MCs) and controller-managed wireless access points (APs). ArubaOS 8 delivers unified wired and wireless access, seamless roaming, enterprise grade security, and a highly available network with the required reliability to support high density environments1. Some of the features of ArubaOS 8 are:

• Clustered Instant Access Points: This feature allows multiple Instant APs to form a cluster and share configuration and state information. This enables seamless roaming, load balancing, and fast failover for clients2.
• Dynamic Radius Proxy: This feature allows an MC to act as a proxy for RADIUS authentication requests from clients or APs. This simplifies the configuration and management of RADIUS servers and reduces the network traffic between MCs and RADIUS servers3.
• Wireless controllers: Aruba wireless controllers are devices that centrally manage and control the wireless network. They provide functions such as AP provisioning, configuration, security, policy enforcement, and network optimization.

ArubaOS 10 is the next-generation operating system that works with Aruba Central, a cloud-based network management platform. ArubaOS 10 delivers greater scalability, security, and AI-powered optimization across large campuses, branches, and remote work environments. Some of the features of ArubaOS 10 are:

• Scales to more than 10,000 devices: ArubaOS 10 can support up to 10,000 devices per cluster, which is ten times more than ArubaOS 8. This enables customers to scale their networks without compromising performance or reliability.
• Unifies wired and wireless management: ArubaOS 10 provides a single platform for managing both wired and wireless devices across the network. Customers can use Aruba Central to configure, monitor, troubleshoot, and update their devices from anywhere.

Both ArubaOS 8 and ArubaOS 10 share some common features, such as:

• Unifies wired and wireless management: Both operating systems provide unified wired and wireless access for customers who use Aruba switches and APs. Customers can use a single interface to manage their entire network infrastructure1 . References: 1 https://www.arubanetworks.com/resource/arubaos-8-fundamental-guide/ 2 https://www.arubanetworks.com/techdocs/Instant_86_WebHelp/Content/instant-ug/iap-maintenance/cluster.htm 3 https://www.arubanetworks.com/techdocs/ArubaOS_86_Web_Help/Content/arubaos-solutions/1-overview/dynamic-radius-proxy.htm https://www.arubanetworks.com/products/networking/controllers/ https://www.arubanetworks.com/products/network-management-operations/arubaos/ https://blogs.arubanetworks.com/solutions/making-the-switch/ https://www.arubanetworks.com/products/network-management-operations/aruba-central/

The RADIUS message that you should look for to ensure a successful connection via 802.1X is Access-Accept. This message indicates that the RADIUS server has authenticated and authorized the supplicant (the device that wants to access thenetwork) and has granted it access to the network resources. The Access-Accept message may also contain additional attributes such as VLAN ID, session timeout, or filter ID that specify how the authenticator (the device that controls access to the network, such as a switch) should treat the supplicant’s traffic.

The other options are not RADIUS messages because:

• Authorized: This is not a RADIUS message, but a state that indicates that a port on an authenticator is allowed to pass traffic from a supplicant after successful authentication and authorization.
• Success: This is not a RADIUS message, but a status that indicates that an EAP Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) is an authentication framework that provides support for multiple authentication methods, such as passwords, certificates, tokens, or biometrics. EAP is used in wireless networks and point-to-point connections to provide secure authentication between a supplicant (a device that wants to access the network) and an authentication server (a device that verifies the credentials of the supplicant). exchange has completed successfully between a supplicant and an authentication server.
• Authenticated: This is not a RADIUS message, but a state that indicates that a port on an authenticator has received an EAP-Success message from an authentication server after successful authentication of a supplicant.

References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RADIUS#Access-Accept https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/security-vpn/remote-authentication-dial-user-service-radius/13838-10.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.1X#Port-based_network_access_control https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Authentication_Protocol#EAP_exchange

a) Alerts on config changes via email - Foundation b) Group-based firmware compliance - Foundation c) Heat maps of deployed APs - Advanced d) Live upgrades of an AOS10 cluster - Advanced

According to the Aruba Central Licensing Guide1, the Foundation License provides basic device management features such as configuration, monitoring, alerts, reports, firmware management, etc. The Advanced License provides additional features such as AI insights, WLAN services, NetConductor Fabric, heat maps, live upgrades, etc.

https://www.arubanetworks.com/techdocs/central/2.5.3/content/pdfs/licensing-guide.pdf

 EAP-TLS is an authentication method that requires client certificates when authenticating to the network. It provides mutual authentication between the client and the server using public key cryptography and digital certificates. References:https://www.arubanetworks.com/techdocs/ClearPass/6.9/Guest/Content/CPPM_UserGuide/EAP-TLS/EAP-TLS.htm

Layer 2 MAC authentication is a method of authenticating devices based on their MAC addresses without requiring any client-side configuration or credentials. The switch sends the MAC address of the device to an authentication server such as ClearPass or RADIUS, which checks if the MAC address is authorized to access the network. If yes, the switch grants access to the device based on the assigned role and policies. If no, the switch denies access or redirects the device to a captive portal for further authentication. References:https://www.arubanetworks.com/techdocs/ArubaOS_86_Web_Help/Content/arubaos-solutions/1-overview/mac-authentication.htm

The part of WPA Key Hierarchy that is used to encrypt and/or decrypt data is Pairwise Temporal Key (PTK). PTK is a key that is derived from PMK Pairwise Master Key (PMK) is a key that is derived from PSK Pre-shared Key (PSK) is a key that is shared between two parties before communication begins , ANonce Authenticator Nonce (ANonce) is a random number generated by an authenticator (a device that controls access to network resources, such as an AP) , SNonce Supplicant Nonce (SNonce) is a randomnumber generated by supplicant (a device that wants to access network resources, such as an STA) , AA Authenticator Address (AA) is MAC address of authenticator , SA Supplicant Address (SA) is MAC address of supplicant using Pseudo-Random Function (PRF). PTK consists of four subkeys:

• KCK Key Confirmation Key (KCK) is used for message integrity check
• KEK Key Encryption Key (KEK) is used for encryption key distribution
• TK Temporal Key (TK) is used for data encryption
• MIC Message Integrity Code (MIC) key

The subkey that is specifically used for data encryption is TK Temporal Key (TK). TK is also known as Pairwise Transient Key (PTK). TK changes periodically during communication based on time or number of packets transmitted.

The other options are not part of WPA Key Hierarchy because:

• PMK: PMK is not part of WPA Key Hierarchy, but rather an input for deriving PTK.
• KCK: KCK is part of WPA Key Hierarchy, but it is not used for data encryption, but rather for message integrity check.
• Nonce: Nonce is not part of WPA Key Hierarchy, but rather an input for deriving PTK.

References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_Protected_Access#WPA_key_hierarchy_and_management https://www.cwnp.com/wp-content/uploads/pdf/WPA2.pdf

Aruba Central allows you to create device configuration groups that define common settings for devices within each group. You can create different types of groupsdepending on your network requirements and management preferences. Two types of groups that you can define in Aruba Central during group creation are:

• Template group: A template group allows you to create configuration templates using variables and expressions that can be applied to multiple devices or device groups. Template groups provide flexibility and scalability for managing large-scale deployments with similar configurations.
• Default group: A default group is automatically created when you add devices to Aruba Central for the first time. The default group contains basic configuration settings that are applied to all devices that are not assigned to any other group. You can modify or delete the default group as needed.

References: https://www.arubanetworks.com/techdocs/Central/latest/content/nms/device-groups.htm https://www.arubanetworks.com/techdocs/Central/latest/content/nms/template-groups.htm https://www.arubanetworks.com/techdocs/Central/latest/content/nms/default-group.htm

• Proves knowledge of the PMK
• Exchanges messages for generating PTK
• Distributes an encrypted GTK to the client
• Sets first initialization vector (IV)

The option that fulfills the requirements is to create individual SSIDs with unique PSK for each loT class, using 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz band. This option provides the following benefits:

• Each loT class has a unique PSK that can be used to apply a different security policy as a role. This enhances the security and flexibility of the WLAN network.
• Individual SSIDs allow for better isolation and management of different loT classes. This improves the performance and scalability of the WLAN network.
• Using both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands allows for backward compatibility with loT devices that operate only with 802.11b, which uses the 2.4 GHz band1. It also allows for higher throughput and less interference for loT devices that support 802.11a, 802.11g, 802.11n, or 802.11ac, which use the 5 GHz band2.

The other options do not fulfill the requirements because:

• Single SSID with MPSK for each loT class using 5 GHz and 6 GHz bands: This option does not support loT devices that operate only with 802.11b, which uses the 2.4 GHz band1. It also does not optimize the performance of the WLAN network, as a single SSID may cause co-channel interference and congestion among different loT classes.
• Single SSID with MPSK for each loT class using 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands: This option does not optimize the performance of the WLAN network, as a single SSID may cause co-channel interference and congestion among different loT classes.
• Individual SSIDs with unique PSK for each loT class, using 5 GHz and 6 GHz bands: This option does not support loT devices that operate only with 802.11b, which uses the 2.4 GHz band1.

References: 1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11b-1999  2 https://www.lifewire.com/wireless-standards-802-11a-802-11b-g-n-and-802-11ac-816553