Fortinet NSE7_NST-7.2 Fortinet NSE 7 - Network Security 7.2 Support Engineer Exam Practice Test

The routing table shown in the exhibit lists all the routes known to the FortiGate device. It includes routes learned through different protocols such as BGP, OSPF, and static routes.

The entryS * 0.0.0.0/0 [20/0] via 10.200.2.254, port2, [5/0]indicates that there is a static route to the default gateway (0.0.0.0/0) throughport2with a gateway IP of10.200.2.254.

The asterisk*next to the route signifies that this route is selected and currently active in the forwarding information base (FIB). This means the FortiGate uses this route to forward packets destined for addresses not otherwise specified in the routing table.

References

Fortinet Documentation on Routing Table

Fortinet Community Discussion on Routing

The exhibit shows a sniffer capture where TCP port 8013 is being used for communication. The communication appears one-way, indicating potential issues with the upstream FortiGate receiving the necessary packets or being able to respond.

To ensure successful communication in a Security Fabric setup:

Ensure TCP port 8013 is not blocked along the way: Verify that no firewalls or network devices between the downstream and upstream FortiGates are blocking TCP port 8013. This port is crucial for Security Fabric communication.

Authorize the downstream FortiGate on the root FortiGate: In the Security Fabric, the root FortiGate must recognize and authorize the downstream FortiGate to allow proper communication and management.

Enable Security Fabric/Fortitelemetry on the receiving interface of the upstream FortiGate: The upstream FortiGate must have the Security Fabric or Fortitelemetry enabled on the interface that receives the communication from the downstream FortiGate. This enables proper data exchange and monitoring within the Security Fabric.

References

Fortinet Documentation on Security Fabric Configuration

Fortinet Community Discussion on Port Requirements

RTT (Round Trip Time):

RTT in the context of the FortiGuard server list indicates the time it takes for a request to be sent to a FortiGuard server and for a response to be received.

This metric helps determine the latency between the FortiGate device and the FortiGuard servers, which is crucial for ensuring efficient and quick updates and responses for services like web filtering and antivirus updates.

Server Selection:

The FortiGate device uses RTT values to prioritize servers. Servers with lower RTT values are preferred as they respond faster, ensuring minimal delay in processing requests.

This improves the overall performance of FortiGuard services by reducing the time it takes to communicate with the servers.

References:

Fortinet Community: Troubleshooting FortiGuard server connections and RTT values​(Welcome to the Fortinet Community!)​​(Fortinet Docs)​.

Fortinet Documentation: FortiGuard server settings and RTT explanation​(Welcome to the Fortinet Community!)​​(Fortinet Docs)​.

Capturing ESP Traffic:

ESP (Encapsulating Security Payload) traffic is associated with IPsec and is identified by the protocol number 50. To capture ESP traffic, you need to filter packets based on this protocol.

In this specific case, you also need to filter for the host associated with the VPN tunnel, which is10.200.3.2as indicated in the exhibit.

Sniffer Command:

The correct command to capture ESP traffic for the VPN namedDialUp_0is:

diagnose sniffer packet any ‘espandhost10.200.3.2’

This command ensures that only ESP packets to and from the specified host are captured, providing a focused and relevant data set for troubleshooting.

References:

Fortinet Documentation: Verifying IPsec VPN Tunnels​(Fortinet Docs)​​(Welcome to the Fortinet Community!)​.

Fortinet Community: Troubleshooting IPsec VPN Tunnels​(Welcome to the Fortinet Community!)​​(Fortinet Docs)​.

Conserve Mode Overview:Conserve mode is a state that FortiGate enters to protect itself from running out of memory. It is triggered when the memory usage reaches certain thresholds.

Thresholds:The default settings for conserve mode thresholds are:

Red Threshold:88% memory usage.

Extreme Threshold:95% memory usage.

Green Threshold:82% memory usage.

Impact on Sessions:When in conserve mode:

New sessions requiring flow-based content inspection are blocked.

New sessions requiring proxy-based content inspection are also blocked to free up memory resources.

Current Memory State in Exhibit:The exhibit shows:

Total RAM: 3040 MB.

Memory used: 2706 MB (89% of total RAM).

Memory usage exceeds the red threshold (88%), thus triggering conserve mode.

Given that the memory usage is above the red threshold and conserve mode is active, the FortiGate will block new sessions requiring both flow-based and proxy-based content inspection to conserve memory.

References:

Fortinet Community: Explanation of Conserve Mode and Its Impact​(Welcome to the Fortinet Community!)​​(Welcome to the Fortinet Community!)​.

Fortinet Documentation: Conserve Mode Settings and Management​(Fortinet Docs)​.

The commanddiagnose test application ipsmonitor 5is used to restart all IPS (Intrusion Prevention System) engines and monitors on the FortiGate device. This command is part of the diagnostic tools available for troubleshooting and maintaining the IPS functionality on the FortiGate.

Running this command forces the IPS system to reset and reinitialize, which can be useful in situations where the IPS functionality appears to be malfunctioning or not responding correctly.

This action helps in clearing any issues that might have arisen due to internal errors or misconfigurations, ensuring that the IPS engines operate correctly after the restart.

Session Creation:The output shows an expected session, likely due to a pinhole, which is a dynamically created rule to allow specific traffic through the firewall.

Routing Decision:

The original direction of traffic comes from the IP address 10.171.121.38.

The next-hop IP address for this traffic is 10.0.1.10 as indicated by the routing decision in the output.

Pinhole Session:Pinhole sessions are typically created for protocols that require additional sessions (e.g., FTP, SIP) to function properly. This ensures the necessary traffic can pass through the firewall.

Debugging Commands:Thediagnose sys session listcommand is used to list session information, which helps in understanding traffic flow and troubleshooting connectivity issues.

References:

Fortinet Network Security Support Engineer Study Guide for FortiOS 7.2​(ebin.pub)​.

General IPsec VPN configuration from Fortinet documentation​(Fortinet Docs)​.

LDAP Authentication Process:

The regular bind type for LDAP authentication involves multiple steps to verify user credentials.

Step 1: The client sends a bind request with the username to the LDAP server.

Step 2: The LDAP server responds to the bind request.

Step 3: The client sends a bind request with the password.

Step 4: The LDAP server responds, confirming or denying the authentication.

Explanation of Answer:

The regular bind type follows these four steps to authenticate a user, making it a comprehensive method but not necessarily the easiest to configure.

The statement regarding sAMAccountName and super_admin account requirements are not accurate in the context of regular bind type LDAP authentication on FortiOS.

References

Fortinet Network Security 7.2 Support Engineer Documentation

FortiOS LDAP Authentication Configuration Guides

Logon Event on Collector Agent:The debug output indicates that the logon event is recorded, showing that the collector agent on Windows is logging user activities and transmitting this data to the FortiGate.

DC Agent Mode:The presence of detailed logon events and their corresponding metadata, such as the domain and workstation information, suggests that the FortiGate is using DC agent mode. This mode involves an agent installed on the Domain Controller (DC) to capture and forward logon events.

References:

Fortinet Community: How FSSO Works and Troubleshooting Steps​(Welcome to the Fortinet Community!)​​(Fortinet GURU)​.

Understanding OSPF Roles:

In OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), routers can have different roles: Designated Router (DR), Backup Designated Router (BDR), and DROther. These roles help manage and optimize the OSPF network traffic.

DR and BDR are elected to minimize the number of adjacencies and reduce the amount of routing information exchange.

DROther routers are neither DR nor BDR but can still participate in the OSPF network by maintaining adjacencies with DR and BDR.

Analyzing the Exhibit:

The exhibit shows the OSPF neighbor states for the local FortiGate.

Neighbor ID 0.0.0.1 is in the state Full/DR (Designated Router).

Neighbor ID 0.0.0.3 is in the state Full/DROther (DROther).

Neighbor ID 0.0.0.10 has no specific designation, implying it is neither DR nor BDR.

Conclusion:

Since the local FortiGate shows neighbors in Full/DR and Full/DROther states and itself does not have a state of DROther, it can be concluded that the local FortiGate is not a DROther.

References:

Fortinet Community: Understanding OSPF roles and states​(Welcome to the Fortinet Community!)​​(cyruslab)​.

Fortinet Documentation: OSPF neighbor states and elections​(Fortinet Docs)​.

IKE_SA_INIT:

This is the first exchange in IKEv2. It establishes a secure, authenticated channel between peers and negotiates cryptographic algorithms and keys.

IKE_Auth:

The second exchange authenticates the IKE SA (Security Association) using the previously negotiated keys and algorithms. This exchange also establishes the first IPsec SA.

Create_CHILD_SA:

This exchange creates additional IPsec SAs after the initial authentication. It can also be used to rekey existing IPsec SAs to maintain security.

Informational:

This is a generic exchange used for various purposes such as error notification, deletion of SAs, and other control messages.

References:

Fortinet Community: IKEv2 packet exchanges and troubleshooting

Fortinet Documentation: IPsec VPN Concepts

Soft Reset of BGP:

Performing a soft reset of BGP is a common method to resolve issues where prefixes are not being received. It forces both BGP peers to resend their complete routing tables to each other.

This can be done using the command:execute router clear bgp soft inandexecute router clear bgp soft out.

Network Import Check:

Thenetwork-import-checkcommand controls whether the FortiGate should verify that the prefix exists in the routing table before advertising it.

Disabling this check can resolve issues where valid prefixes are not advertised due to stringent verification.

The command to disable this is:config router bgp set network-import-check disable end.

BGP Configuration Verification:

Ensure that the BGP configuration on FGT-B is correctly set to advertise the network 172.16.54.0/24.

Verify that the network statement is correctly configured and matches the intended prefix.

References:

Fortinet Community: Technical Note on Configuring BGP​(Welcome to the Fortinet Community!)​.

Fortinet Documentation: Configuring BGP on FortiGate​(Fortinet Document Library)​.